Inflammatory Status and Glycemic Control Level of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Based on the holistic approach to prevention diabetic disease, the role of periodontal inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is under intensive scrutiny. Data from clinical trials have shown benefit from a periodontal therapy in providing patients with type 2 diabetes improvement despite relatively disappointing long-terms response rates. The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term glycemic control level and systemic inflammatory status after periodontal therapy. METHODS: This was a randomized trial with a 6-months follow-up. Participants aged 56.4 ± 7.9 years with diagnosed type 2 diabetes and periodontitis were enrolled. Among the 187 type 2 diabetic patients, 93 were randomly assigned to receive non-surgical periodontal treatment immediately and 94 to receive the delayed treatment. Within and between groups comparison was done during the study period, and the differences between groups were assessed. RESULTS: The difference between HbA1c values at baseline (Mdn = 7.7) and 6 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment (Mdn = 7.2) was statistically significant, U = 3174.5, p = 0.012, r = 0.187. However, although technically a positive correlation, the relationship between the glycated hemoglobin value and periodontal variables was weak. The differences between both the groups over 6 months were not statistically considerable, failing to reach statistical significance. At 6 months the difference between groups about the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels was statistically significant, U=1839.5, p = 0, r = 0.472, with a lower concentration for the intervention group. Furthermore, the intervention group showed a statistically significant difference between baseline and 6 months evaluation (U = 2606.5, p = 0, r = 0.308). CONCLUSIONS: The periodontal intervention potentially may allow individuals with type 2 diabetes to improve glycemic control and CRP concentrations, and diabetes alters the periodontal status.

The Effect of Gaseous Ozone Therapy in Conjunction with Periodontal Treatment on Glycated Hemoglobin Level in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Unmasked Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: It is established that inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) by promoting insulin resistance and impaired beta cell function in the pancreas. Among the hypothesized independent risk factors implicated in the pathogenetic basis of disease, periodontal infection has been proposed to promote an amplification of the magnitude of the advanced glycation end product (AGE)-mediated upregulation of cytokine synthesis and secretion. These findings suggest an interrelationship between periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes, describing poor metabolic control in subjects with periodontitis as compared to nondiabetic subjects and more severe periodontitis in subjects with T2DM as compared to a healthy population, with a significant positive correlation between periodontal inflammatory parameters and glycated hemoglobin level. Results from clinical trials show that periodontal treatment is able to improve glycemic control in subjects with diabetes. Many therapeutic strategies have been developed to improve periodontal conditions in conjunction with conventional treatment, among which ozone (O3) is of specific concern. The principal aim of this trial was to compare the clinical effectiveness of an intensive periodontal intervention consisting of conventional periodontal treatment in conjunction with ozone gas therapy in reducing glycated hemoglobin level in type 2 diabetic patients and standard periodontal treatment. METHODS: This study was a 12-month unmasked randomized trial and included 100 patients aged 40-74 years older, with type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed. All the patients received conventional periodontal treatment, or periodontal treatment in conjunction with ozone gas therapy in a randomly assigned order (1:1). The primary outcome was a clinical measure of glycated hemoglobin level at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months from randomization. Secondary outcomes were changes in periodontal inflammatory parameters. RESULTS: At 12 months, the periodontal treatment in conjunction with ozone gas therapy did not show significant differences than standard therapy in decreasing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level and the lack of significant differences in balance is evident. CONCLUSIONS: Although the change was not significant, periodontal treatment in conjunction with the gaseous ozone therapy tended to reduce the levels of glycated hemoglobin. The study shows a benefit with ozone therapy as compared to traditional periodontal treatment.