RESUMO
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binds to a family of sphingosine-1-phosphate G-protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-5). The interaction of S1P with these S1P receptors has a fundamental role in many physiological processes in the vascular and immune systems. Agonist-induced functional antagonism of S1P1 has been shown to result in lymphopenia. As a result, agonists of this type hold promise as therapeutics for autoimmune disorders. The previously disclosed differentiated S1P1 modulator BMS-986104 (1) exhibited improved preclinical cardiovascular and pulmonary safety profiles as compared to earlier full agonists of S1P1; however, it demonstrated a long pharmacokinetic half-life (T1/2 18 days) in the clinic and limited formation of the desired active phosphate metabolite. Optimization of this series through incorporation of olefins, ethers, thioethers, and glycols into the alkyl side chain afforded an opportunity to reduce the projected human T1/2 and improve the formation of the active phosphate metabolite while maintaining efficacy as well as the improved safety profile. These efforts led to the discovery of 12 and 24, each of which are highly potent, biased agonists of S1P1. These compounds not only exhibited shorter in vivo T1/2 in multiple species but are also projected to have significantly shorter T1/2 values in humans when compared to our first clinical candidate. In models of arthritis, treatment with 12 and 24 demonstrated robust efficacy.
Assuntos
Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/síntese química , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Pró-Proteína Convertases/efeitos dos fármacos , Serina Endopeptidases/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , Biotransformação , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/efeitos adversos , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Pneumopatias/induzido quimicamente , Pneumopatias/patologia , Masculino , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Chemotaxis is the directional movement of cells in response to a chemical stimulus and is vital for many physiological processes, including immune responses, tumor metastasis, wound healing, and blood vessel formation. Therefore, modulation of chemotaxis is likely to be of therapeutic benefit. Hence, a high-throughput means to conduct chemotaxis assays is advantageous for lead evaluation and optimization in drug discovery. In this study, we have validated a novel approach for a higher-throughput, label-free, image-based IncuCyte chemotaxis assay encompassing various cell types, including T cells, B cells, mouse Th17, immature and mature dendritic cells, monocyte THP-1, CCRF-CEM, monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and MDA-MB-231. These assays enable us to visualize chemotactic cell migration in real time and perform kinetic cell motility studies on an automated platform, thereby allowing us to incorporate the quantitative studies of cell migration behavior into a routine drug discovery screening cascade.
Assuntos
Quimiotaxia/efeitos dos fármacos , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala/métodos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/administração & dosagem , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
PI3Kδ plays an important role controlling immune cell function and has therefore been identified as a potential target for the treatment of immunological disorders. This article highlights our work toward the identification of a potent, selective, and efficacious PI3Kδ inhibitor. Through careful SAR, the successful replacement of a polar pyrazole group by a simple chloro or trifluoromethyl group led to improved Caco-2 permeability, reduced Caco-2 efflux, reduced hERG PC activity, and increased selectivity profile while maintaining potency in the CD69 hWB assay. The optimization of the aryl substitution then identified a 4'-CN group that improved the human/rodent correlation in microsomal metabolic stability. Our lead molecule is very potent in PK/PD assays and highly efficacious in a mouse collagen-induced arthritis model.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Animais , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Células CACO-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Células CACO-2/imunologia , Cães , Canal de Potássio ERG1/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/tratamento farmacológico , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Pirazóis/química , Pirazóis/metabolismo , Pirazóis/farmacologia , CoelhosRESUMO
The synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a series of pyridyl-isoxazole based agonists of S1P1 are discussed. Compound 5b provided potent in vitro activity with selectivity, had an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile, and demonstrated efficacy in a dose dependent manner when administered orally in a rodent model of arthritis.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Lisofosfolipídeos/agonistas , Esfingosina/análogos & derivados , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Administração Oral , Animais , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Isoxazóis/química , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Receptores de Lisoesfingolipídeo/agonistas , Esfingosina/agonistasRESUMO
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate a wide range of important biological activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Abnormalities in RTKs are involved in numerous diseases, including cancer and other proliferative disorders. AXL belongs to the TAM (Tyso3, AXL, and Mer) family of RTKs. The AXL signaling pathway represents an attractive target for the treatment of diseases, such as cancer. Using phospho-AKT as readout, a high-throughput 384-well cell-based assay was established in the NCI-H1299 human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line to evaluate compound potency in inhibiting AXL pathway activation. In addition, a counter screen assay was established in the same cellular background to differentiate AXL kinase inhibitors from AXL receptor antagonists, which block the interaction of AXL and its natural ligand GAS6. These cell-based functional assays are useful tools in the identification and optimization of small molecules and biological reagents for potential therapeutics for the treatment of GAS6/AXL-related diseases.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala/métodos , Interpretação de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Bioensaio/métodos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Desenho de Fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Microscopia de Fluorescência/métodos , Imagem Molecular/métodos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor Tirosina Quinase AxlRESUMO
Transporter proteins are known to play a critical role in affecting the overall absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics of drug candidates. In addition to efflux transporters (P-gp, BCRP, MRP2, etc.) that limit absorption, there has been a renewed interest in influx transporters at the renal (OATs, OCTs) and hepatic (OATPs, BSEP, NTCP, etc.) organ level that can cause significant clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Several of these transporters are also critical for hepatobiliary disposition of bilirubin and bile acid/salts, and their inhibition is directly implicated in hepatic toxicities. Regulatory agencies took action to address transporter-mediated DDI with the goal of ensuring drug safety in the clinic and on the market. To meet regulatory requirements, advanced bioassay technology and automation solutions were implemented for high-throughput transporter screening to provide structure-activity relationship within lead optimization. To enhance capacity, several functional assay formats were miniaturized to 384-well throughput including novel fluorescence-based uptake and efflux inhibition assays using high-content image analysis as well as cell-based radioactive uptake and vesicle-based efflux inhibition assays. This high-throughput capability enabled a paradigm shift from studying transporter-related issues in the development space to identifying and dialing out these concerns early on in discovery for enhanced mechanism-based efficacy while circumventing DDIs and transporter toxicities.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Drogas em Investigação/farmacologia , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Aprovação de Drogas , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Interações Medicamentosas , Drogas em Investigação/química , Drogas em Investigação/metabolismo , Corantes Fluorescentes , Humanos , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The drug discovery process is dependent on the ability of screening efforts to identify and optimize lead compounds with therapeutic potential. Because G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) account for the most "druggable" targets, the development of high-throughput, low-cost, and high-density GPCR assays to accommodate the increasing size of compound collections is significant. In this study, we report the application of an advanced LEADseeker robotic platform equipped with customized IT solutions for rapid data transfer to reduce assay cycles times for support of GPCR panel screening. The advantages of assay throughput, format, automation design, data management flow, and data reproducibility are discussed in terms of gains in productivity for lead optimization. The GPCR robotic platform demonstrates how automation technology can leverage traditional drug discovery processes by providing consistent and reliable data packages to expedite lead optimization efforts.
Assuntos
Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/antagonistas & inibidores , Automação Laboratorial/instrumentação , Automação Laboratorial/métodos , HumanosRESUMO
Activation of G(i)-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) by their ligands leads to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and reduction of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in cells. The traditional cAMP assay for G(i)-coupled GPCRs commonly uses forskolin, a nonspecific AC activator, to increase the basal cAMP level in cells to create an assay window for ligand detection. However, there is still a need to develop a nonforskolin-based cAMP assay because of the challenges inherent in titrating the concentration of forskolin to achieve a reliable assay window, along with issues related to the cAMP-independent effects of forskolin. Herein, we describe such an assay by utilizing the endogenous activity of the calcitonin receptor in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The calcitonin receptor is a G(s)-coupled GPCR that, when activated by calcitonin, leads to the stimulation of AC and increases cAMP in cells. Thus, we use calcitonin, instead of forskolin, to increase the basal cAMP level in CHO cells to achieve an assay window. We demonstrated that calcitonin peptides robustly increased cAMP accumulation in several CHO cell lines stably expressing well-known G(i)-coupled GPCRs, such as the Dopamine D2 receptor, the Opioid µ receptor, or the Cannabinoid receptor-1. Agonists of these G(i)-coupled GPCRs attenuated calcitonin-induced cAMP production in their receptor stable cell lines. On the other hand, antagonists and/or inverse agonists blocked the effects of their agonists on calcitonin-induced cAMP production. This calcitonin-based cAMP assay has been demonstrated to be sensitive and robust and exhibited acceptable assay windows (signal/noise ratio) and, thus, can be applied to screen for agonists and antagonists/inverse agonists of G(i)-coupled GPCRs in high-throughput screening formats.
Assuntos
Calcitonina/fisiologia , AMP Cíclico/análise , Receptores da Calcitonina/fisiologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , 1-Metil-3-Isobutilxantina/farmacologia , Inibidores de Adenilil Ciclases , Animais , Células CHO , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Colforsina/metabolismo , Colforsina/farmacologia , Cricetinae , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Descoberta de Drogas , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Ligantes , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Naloxona/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/farmacologia , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Receptores da Calcitonina/agonistas , Receptores da Calcitonina/análise , Receptores da Calcitonina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/análise , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Polipeptídeo Amiloide de Ilhotas Pancreáticas/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Opioides mu/análise , Receptores Opioides mu/antagonistas & inibidores , SalmãoRESUMO
Once-daily s.c. administration of either human parathyroid hormone (PTH)-(1-84) or recombinant human PTH-(1-34) provides for dramatic increases in bone mass in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. We initiated a program to discover orally bioavailable small molecule equivalents of these peptides. A traditional high-throughput screening approach using cAMP activation of the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor (PPR) as a readout failed to provide any lead compounds. Accordingly, we designed a new screen for this receptor that used a modified N-terminal fragment of PTH as a probe for small molecule binding to the transmembrane region of the PPR, driven by the assumption that the pharmacological properties (agonist/antagonist) of compounds that bound to this putative signaling domain of the PPR could be altered by chemical modification. We developed DPC-AJ1951, a 14 amino acid peptide that acts as a potent agonist of the PPR, and characterized its activity in ex vivo and in vivo assays of bone resorption. In addition, we studied its ability to initiate gene transcription by using microarray technology. Together, these experiments indicated that the highly modified 14 amino acid peptide induces qualitatively similar biological responses to those produced by PTH-(1-34), albeit with lower potency relative to the parent peptide. Encouraged by these data, we performed a screen of a small compound collection by using DPC-AJ1951 as the ligand. These studies led to the identification of the benzoxazepinone SW106, a previously unrecognized small molecule antagonist for the PPR. The binding of SW106 to the PPR was rationalized by using a homology receptor model.