RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) is an efficacious intervention to aid recovery from substance use disorder. This study in a pilot sample of individuals in treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) characterizes longer-term changes after the MORE intervention and immediate effects of a brief MORE guided meditation session. DESIGN: Twelve female participants in residential treatment for OUD completed an 8-week MORE intervention. Participants completed two sessions: one before and one after the 8-week MORE intervention. Each session included an emotional regulation questionnaire outside an MRI scanner first and then a 10-minute guided MORE meditation inside the scanner during which functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected. Emotional regulation was measured after 8-weeks of MORE intervention. In addition, functional connectivity (i.e. correlated fMRI signal) between regions in a hypothesized affect regulation network was measured during the meditation state to assess change in brain network function due to 8-weeks of MORE. For each 10-min guided meditation, we also assessed their mood and opioid craving. RESULTS: Nine participants completed all measurements. Participants' emotional regulation difficulty significantly decreased after 8-weeks of MORE intervention. Furthermore, after 8-weeks of MORE, there was significantly increased connectivity between left ventromedial prefrontal cortex and left amygdala and between left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left nucleus accumbens captured during a meditation state. In both sessions, positive mood significantly increased after 10-min of guided mediation, however opioid craving was not significantly influenced. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study characterizes potential benefits of 8-week MORE intervention in improving emotional regulation difficulty and brain function. A 10-min guided MORE meditation may immediately improve mood, with potential to reduce acute stress- or cue-provoked craving. These results warrant future studies with larger sample size.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare changes in thickness of the transverse abdominis during performance of the hollowing exercise guided by feedback using ultrasonography images together with verbal guidance and using verbal guidance alone. We also determined the minimal detectable change and agreement between normalized pressures and muscle thickness. METHODS: Twenty participants without lumbar pain performed the hollowing exercises with or without ultrasonography feedback: 7 men and 13 women, mean (SD) ageâ¯=â¯25 (5) years, heightâ¯=â¯166 (10) cm, body massâ¯=â¯64 (6) kg, body mass indexâ¯=â¯22.2 (5.8) kg/m2. The thickness of the transverse abdominis was quantified during the exercise using musculoskeletal ultrasonography. Basal and 3 repetitions guided by an evaluator were performed. Pressure was determined using a lumbar cushion. Data were compared with a mixed-model analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test (P < .05). Minimal detectable changes were identified and Bland-Altman analysis performed considering normalized thickness and pressure. RESULTS: Ultrasonography feedback resulted in larger thickness changes (P < .05). The lowest minimal detectable changes were achieved using ultrasonography feedback. Nonagreement was found between normalized thickness and pressure. CONCLUSION: Contraction of the transverse abdominis is improved using real-time ultrasonography together with verbal feedback. Low changes in muscle contraction estimated by thickness showed nonagreement with a pressure cushion.
Assuntos
Músculos Abdominais/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Retroalimentação , Conhecimento Psicológico de Resultados , Contração Muscular/fisiologia , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Educação Física e Treinamento/métodos , Pressão , Adulto JovemRESUMO
People generally prefer rewards sooner rather than later. This phenomenon, temporal discounting, underlies many societal problems, including addiction and obesity. One way to reduce temporal discounting is to imagine positive future experiences. Since there is overlap in the neural circuitry associated with imagining future experiences and remembering past events, here we investigate whether recalling positive memories can also promote more patient choice. We found that participants were more patient after retrieving positive autobiographical memories, but not when they recalled negative memories. Moreover, individuals were more impulsive after imagining novel positive scenes that were not related to their memories, showing that positive imagery alone does not drive this effect. Activity in the striatum and temporo parietal junction during memory retrieval predicted more patient choice, suggesting that to the extent that memory recall is rewarding and involves perspective-taking, it influences decision-making. Furthermore, representational similarity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex between memory recall and decision phases correlated with the behavioral effect across participants. Thus, we have identified a novel manipulation for reducing temporal discounting-remembering the positive past-and have begun to characterize the psychological and neural mechanisms behind it.
Assuntos
Desvalorização pelo Atraso , Memória Episódica , Adulto , Mapeamento Encefálico , Tomada de Decisões , Feminino , Humanos , Imaginação , Comportamento Impulsivo , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Neostriado/diagnóstico por imagem , Neostriado/fisiologia , Lobo Parietal/diagnóstico por imagem , Lobo Parietal/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Lobo Temporal/diagnóstico por imagem , Lobo Temporal/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the electroencephalographic characteristics of patients with holoprosencephaly (HPE) without epilepsy. METHODS: We evaluated the electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 18 children with HPE who lacked a history of seizures. Neuroimaging studies were assessed for severity of HPE and thalamic non-separation and the presence of dorsal cysts and cortical malformations. RESULTS: Hypersynchronous theta activity occurred in 50 and 60% of EEGs during wakefulness or drowsiness/sleep, respectively, and correlated with the grade of thalamic non-separation (p<0.05). Hypersynchronous beta activity during sleep occurred in 41% of EEGs. Posterior amplitude attenuation occurred in 33% of EEGs and correlated with the presence of a dorsal cyst (p=0.0004). Photic driving responses were seen in 50% of the EEGs. If a dorsal cyst was present, the responses were anteriorly displaced. Epileptiform activity was noted in EEGs of 5 patients and did not correlate with the incidence of clinical seizures. CONCLUSIONS: Hypersynchronous activity was present frequently in EEGs of HPE patients, possibly attributable to incomplete separation of the thalami and hemispheres. Dorsal cysts were associated with posterior amplitude attenuation and anterior displacement of the photic response. In this selective cohort, the presence of epileptiform activity was not a risk factor for seizures. SIGNIFICANCE: To date, this is the largest study of EEGs in children diagnosed with HPE without seizures. This study complements our earlier clinical and neuroradiologic studies by providing neurophysiologic data that serves to enhance our understanding of this complex, rare disorder.