RESUMO
Background: Many types of people have been noted to show less than maximum zinc functional status. One group that has not been examined is healthy middle-aged, non-vegetarian men in the USA. Aim: To determine if supplementation with zinc improves values for two plasma indicators of zinc status. Methods: Zinc arginate (30â mg zinc/day) was given for 6 weeks to healthy middle-aged men. Results: Supplementation produced statistically significant, but small increases in plasma values for zinc and activity of 5'-nucleotidase, a zinc enzyme. Conclusion: These results suggest that middle-aged, healthy, meat-eating US males tend to show close to maximal zinc functional status. However, such men may not have a safety margin in zinc stores that covers situations where higher than normal zinc needs develop.
Assuntos
5'-Nucleotidase , Zinco , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Suplementos Nutricionais , Nível de Saúde , Estado Nutricional , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Some research has raised the possibility that gamma linolenic acid (GLA) can increase resting metabolic rate (RMR), which can help with weight control. However, in overweight young adults with a family history of obesity, no effect on RMR was seen after a 6 weeks treatment with borage oil (880 mg GLA per day) or evening primrose oil (540 mg GLA per day). On the other hand, borage oil did lower plasma triglyceride readings and raise HDL cholesterol readings (mean starting values in normal range for triglycerides, borderline low for HDL). No effect was seen for body mass index, plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, or glucose. Thus, in the type of subjects studied here, borage oil, a source of GLA, did not show promise as a weight control aid, but could help prevent undesirable readings for two blood lipid measures.
Assuntos
Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Ácido gama-Linolênico/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Adulto , HDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Feminino , Alimento Funcional , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fitoterapia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem , Ácido gama-Linolênico/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The current pilot study tested a twofold hypothesis: some nutrition-related chemical measures change by 6 weeks after Roux en Y Gastric Bypass (RNYGB); one of two nutrition support plans will prevent chemical signs of nutrition problems at 6 weeks better than the other. After RNYGB, nutrition support should begin right away. However, studies on nutritional status mostly examine subjects much later. In addition, little attention has been paid to optimizing nutrition support plans. METHODS: Premenopausal females scheduled for RNYGB were given either a commercially available meal replacement product (2 servings/day) + other supplements or just a new meal replacement (2 servings/day). The latter included some nutrient versions that might enhance absorption. Blood and urine samples were taken before and 6 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: In both groups, plasma vitamin D and B12 did not change, plasma osteopontin and vascular endothelial growth factor rose, while plasma retinol binding protein and a bone resorption marker declined. Copper status changes differed between groups based on plasma ceruloplasmin. Iron status improved in both groups (ferritin to c-reactive protein ratios). With the new formulation, magnesium status may have improved, urinary potassium rose, and blood sugar fell. In the other group, a liver damage marker increased, while homocysteine decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition-related parameters showed varying trends 6 weeks after RNYGB. Some of the trends were affected by the type of nutritional support provided.
Assuntos
Derivação Gástrica , Estado Nutricional/fisiologia , Apoio Nutricional , Adulto , Glicemia/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Apoio Nutricional/estatística & dados numéricos , Projetos Piloto , Vitaminas/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such nutrient combinations has not actually been shown to improve such performance. METHODS: For 1 mo, aerobically fit, young adult women took either a combination of 3 mineral glycinate complexes (daily dose: 36 mg iron, 15 mg zinc, and 2 mg copper) + 2 CENs (daily dose: 2 g carnitine and 400 mg phosphatidylserine), or the same combination with generic mineral complexes, or placebo (n = 14/group). In Trial 1, before and after 1 mo, subjects were tested for 3 mile run time (primary outcome), followed by distance covered in 25 min on a stationary bike (secondary outcome), followed by a 90 s step test (secondary outcome). To test reproducibility of the run results, and to examine a lower dose of carnitine, a second trial was done. New subjects took either mineral glycinates + CENs (1 g carnitine) or placebo (n = 17/group); subjects were tested for pre- and post-treatment 3 mile run time (primary outcome). RESULTS: In Trial 1, the mineral glycinates + CENs decreased 3 mile run time (25.6 ± 2.4 vs 26.5 ± 2.3 min, p < 0.05, paired t-test) increased stationary bike distance after 25 min (6.5 ± 0.6 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 miles, p < 0.05, paired t-test), and increased steps in the step test (43.8 ± 4.8 vs 40.3 ± 6.4 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test). The placebo significantly affected only the biking distance, but it was less than for the glycinates-CENs treatment (0.2 ± 0.4. vs 0.5 ± 0.1 miles, p < 0.05, ANOVA + Tukey). The generic minerals + CENs only significantly affected the step test (44.1 ± 5.2 vs 41.0 ± 5.9 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test) In Trial 2, 3 mile run time was decreased for the mineral glycinates + CENs (23.9 ± 3.1 vs 24.7 ± 2.5, p < 0.005, paired t-test), but not by the placebo. All changes for Test Formula II or III were high compared to placebo (1.9 to 4.9, Cohen's D), and high for Test Formula II vs I for running and biking (3.2 & 3.5, Cohen's D). CONCLUSION: In summary, a combination of certain mineral complexes plus two CENs improved aerobic exercise performance in fit young adult women.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Carnitina/administração & dosagem , Quelantes/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Fosfatidilserinas/administração & dosagem , Resistência Física/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Adulto , Cobre , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Ferro , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Esportiva , Adulto Jovem , ZincoRESUMO
Spirulina may increase people's ability to resist mental and physical fatigue. This study tested that hypothesis in a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled study in men. After 1 week, a 3 g/day dose of spirulina produced a small, but statistically significant increase in exercise output (Kcals consumed in 30 min exercise on a cross trainer machine). A mathematical based mental fatigue test showed improved performance 4 h after the first time of supplementation as well as 8 weeks later. Similarly, a subjective survey for a sense of physical and mental fatigue showed improvement within 4 h of the first supplementation as well as 8 weeks later. These results show that spirulina intake can affect fatigue in men.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Fadiga/tratamento farmacológico , Fadiga Mental/tratamento farmacológico , Spirulina , Adulto , Método Duplo-Cego , Exercício Físico , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The percent absorption of lutein from supplements falls well below that from lutein enriched egg yolk, a rich source of phospholipids. Therefore, a supplement of lutein plus phospholipids was tested for effects on serum accumulation. METHODS: A 10 day supplementation with a solid-lipid particle (SLP) lutein complex or conventional lutein ester was done in apparently healthy people (both supplement types taken with fat containing meals). Plasma lutein was measured pre- and post-supplementation as well as 7 days after supplementation stopped. Changes within each supplement group were analyzed by paired t-test; group comparisons were done by unpaired t-test. RESULTS: The solid-lipid particle complex lutein gave much higher plasma lutein values than conventional lutein ester. The lutein complex showed superior effects based on absolute mean value after 10 days of supplementation, change in value from baseline to 10 days, and value at 7 days after supplement discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: A solid lipid lutein complex strongly increased plasma lutein levels compared to a conventional form.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais/estatística & dados numéricos , Luteína/administração & dosagem , Luteína/sangue , Fosfolipídeos/administração & dosagem , Fosfolipídeos/sangue , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Some zinc (Zn) research studies have used either Zn gluconate or Zn glycinate, but the two forms have not been compared much. Therefore, a moderately high dose of the two forms (60 mg Zn/day) were compared in a 6-week intervention in young adult women. Plasma Zn, the traditional assessment of Zn status, was increased in all subjects given Zn glycinate (N = 10), while no significant change was seen overall for Zn gluconate or placebo (N = 10 each). Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity, a marker for Zn-induced copper deficiency, was unchanged in all three groups. Thus, for the conditions of this study, Zn glycinate effectively changed Zn status better than Zn gluconate, but neither impacted copper status.
Assuntos
Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/enzimologia , Gluconatos/farmacologia , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Zinco/sangue , Adolescente , Cobre/deficiência , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Glicina/farmacologia , Humanos , Projetos Piloto , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Curcumin extracts of turmeric are proposed to produce health benefits. To date, human intervention studies have focused mainly on people with existing health problems given high doses of poorly absorbed curcumin. The purpose of the current study was to check whether in healthy people, a low dose of a lipidated curcumin extract could alter wellness-related measures. METHODS: The present study was conducted in healthy middle aged people (40-60 years old) with a low dose of curcumin (80 mg/day) in a lipidated form expected to have good absorption. Subjects were given either curcumin (N = 19) or placebo (N = 19) for 4 wk. Blood and saliva samples were taken before and after the 4 weeks and analyzed for a variety of blood and saliva measures relevant to health promotion. RESULTS: Curcumin, but not placebo, produced the following statistically significant changes: lowering of plasma triglyceride values, lowering of salivary amylase levels, raising of salivary radical scavenging capacities, raising of plasma catalase activities, lowering of plasma beta amyloid protein concentrations, lowering of plasma sICAM readings, increased plasma myeloperoxidase without increased c-reactive protein levels, increased plasma nitric oxide, and decreased plasma alanine amino transferase activities. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these results demonstrate that a low dose of a curcumin-lipid preparation can produce a variety of potentially health promoting effects in healthy middle aged people.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Curcuma/química , Curcumina/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/prevenção & controle , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Antioxidantes/química , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Curcumina/química , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertrigliceridemia/epidemiologia , Hipertrigliceridemia/prevenção & controle , Lipídeos/administração & dosagem , Lipídeos/química , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ohio/epidemiologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Risco , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Marginal copper deficiency, which may affect cardiovascular disease risk, is proposed to occur in many adults in Western industrialized countries. The present study tested the hypothesis that in a group of USA adults, increased copper intake would alter readings for blood copper enzymes and markers relevant to cardiovascular disease risk. Healthy middle aged adults with moderately high cholesterol, were given either placebo or copper supplementation (2 mg copper/day as copper glycinate) for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and after the 8 weeks. Copper, but not placebo, raised activities for two copper enzymes, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase 1 and plasma ceruloplasmin. In contrast, five cardiovascular health related plasma parameters were not changed significantly by copper: C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and cholesterol (total, LDL and HDL). However, changes in erythrocyte superoxide dismutase 1 correlated positively with changes in plasma HDL and negatively with plasma homocysteine. Also, copper lowered mean oxidized LDL values, a result that was statistically significant, but inconsistent. In this test population, increased copper intake raised copper enzyme activities, but did not consistently improve the cardiovascular health measures studied.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Ceruloplasmina/metabolismo , Cobre/administração & dosagem , Cobre/deficiência , Deficiências Nutricionais/complicações , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/enzimologia , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Cobre/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/sangue , Deficiências Nutricionais/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiências Nutricionais/enzimologia , Suplementos Nutricionais/normas , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Feminino , Homocisteína/sangue , Humanos , Lipoproteínas LDL/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pós-Menopausa , Fatores de Risco , Sais/administração & dosagem , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Superóxido Dismutase-1RESUMO
Two concepts are often currently applied to selenium in adult men in the United States: ⢠Intake is generally enough to maximize blood glutathione peroxidase activities. ⢠In such men, selenium supplementation does not reduce risk of prostate cancer. In contrast to these concepts, 30 healthy middle-aged men were studied to test the following hypothesis: 6-week supplementation of 200 µg of selenium as glycinate can raise activities of 2 blood selenium enzymes and lower a marker of prostate cancer risk. The hypothesis was confirmed, in that selenium supplementation raised activities for erythrocyte and plasma glutathione peroxidase as well as lowered values for plasma prostate-specific antigen. The enzyme activity increases were not extremely large, but based on a chicken study, changes in blood glutathione peroxidase activities can reflect bigger changes in the prostate. Placebo treatment did not duplicate the selenium effects in 30 other men. In conclusion, this study suggests that US middle-aged men may not typically consume optimal amounts of selenium.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Glutationa Peroxidase/sangue , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Selênio/farmacologia , Adulto , Método Duplo-Cego , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias da Próstata/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore effects of zinc supplementation in American children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mideastern trials reported significant benefit from 13-40 mg elemental zinc as the sulfate. METHOD: We randomly assigned 52 children aged 6-14 with DSM-IV ADHD to zinc supplementation (15 mg every morning [qAM] or two times per day [b.i.d.] as glycinate, n = 28) or matched placebo (n = 24) for 13 weeks: 8 weeks monotherapy and then 5 weeks with added d-amphetamine (AMPH). AMPH dose was weight-standardized for 2 weeks and then clinically optimized by week 13. Zinc glycinate was chosen as having less gastrointestinal discomfort than sulfate. Hypotheses were that zinc would improve inattention more than placebo by effect size of d > 0.25 at 8 weeks; zinc+AMPH would improve ADHD symptoms more than placebo+AMPH by d > 0.25, and optimal dose of AMPH with zinc would be 20% lower than with placebo. An interim analysis requested by the National Institute of Mental Health resulted in an increased dosage, so that 20 received 15 mg/day qAM and 8 received 30 mg/day (15 mg b.i.d.) RESULTS: Only the third hypothesis was upheld: Optimal mg/kg AMPH dose with b.i.d. zinc was 37% lower than with placebo. Other clinical outcomes were equivocal, sometimes favoring zinc, sometimes placebo, but objective neuropsychological measures mostly favored b.i.d. zinc (d = 0.36-0.7). Safety tests and adverse events were not different between groups. Copper and iron blood indices were not impaired by 8 weeks of 30 mg/day zinc. CONCLUSION: Doses up to 30 mg/day of zinc were safe for at least 8 weeks, but clinical effect was equivocal except for 37% reduction in amphetamine optimal dose with 30 mg/day zinc (not with 15 mg). Possible reasons for difference from mideastern reports include endemic diets, population genetics, relative rate of zinc deficiency, difference in background nutrition, insufficient dosage or absorption, or wrong anion (sulfate may be necessary for reported benefit). Dose may be especially important: All visually impressive advantages over placebo appeared only with 15 mg b.i.d. rather than once a day. Future research should use larger doses than 15 mg/day, provide a basic recommended daily allowance/intake multivitamin/mineral supplement for all to standardize background nutrition, select participants for low zinc, and consider the issue of anion interaction.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Dextroanfetamina/uso terapêutico , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Adolescente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/administração & dosagem , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/uso terapêutico , Criança , Cobre/sangue , Dextroanfetamina/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Glicina/administração & dosagem , Glicina/efeitos adversos , Glicina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Ferro/sangue , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
Frequent heartburn occurs in many people, some of whom prefer alternative treatments over conventional drugs. In a pilot study of subjects with frequent heartburn, 2 week intake of a fenugreek fiber product, taken 30 min before two meals/day, diminished heartburn severity. This conclusion was based on symptom diary results and reduced the use of a mild antacid as a rescue medicine. Improvement for each of the 2 weeks was judged by comparison with results from a baseline week. Placebo also produced some statistically significant effects, but the fiber product's effects differed significantly from the placebo. Moreover, the fenugreek fiber effects were generally similar to the results produced by an OTC antacid medication (ranitidine at 75 mg, twice a day). This study suggests that people with certain degrees of heartburn can benefit from a fenugreek fiber product.
Assuntos
Fibras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Azia/tratamento farmacológico , Trigonella/química , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
Marginal copper deficiency has been proposed to occur frequently, but the benefits of correction remain largely uncharacterized. Two benefits could be reduced oxidant stress and better crosslinking of collagen in bone. Copper intake was increased in 8 female university students by supplementation with copper glycinate (2 mg copper/day) for 8 weeks. Supplementation improved copper status based on serum activity of two copper enzymes, ceruloplasmin and diamine oxidase (9% and 75% mean increase, respectively). No effect was seen for erythrocyte copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. Supplementation produced a 39% mean decrease in plasma for F(2alpha)-isoprostanes (a marker of oxidant stress), and gave a 62% increase in the urine ratio of collagen crosslinks to a measure of total collagen. None of the supplementation effects were duplicated for 8 women given placebo. In conclusion, this pilot study found that in young adult women, increased copper intake can alter biochemical parameters relevant to copper function.
Assuntos
Colágeno/urina , Cobre/administração & dosagem , Cobre/farmacologia , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , F2-Isoprostanos/sangue , Adolescente , Amina Oxidase (contendo Cobre)/sangue , Ceruloplasmina/metabolismo , Eritrócitos/enzimologia , Feminino , Humanos , Projetos Piloto , Placebos , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Zinc deficiency is common among populations at high risk for sepsis mortality, including elderly, alcoholic, and hospitalized patients. Zinc deficiency causes exaggerated inflammatory responses to endotoxin but has not been evaluated during bacterial sepsis. We hypothesized that subacute zinc deficiency would amplify immune responses and oxidant stress during bacterial sepsis {lsqb;i.e., cecal ligation and puncture (CLP){rsqb; resulting in increased mortality and that acute nutritional repletion of zinc would be beneficial. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study. SETTING: University medical center research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Adult male C57BL/6 mice. INTERVENTIONS: Ten-week-old, male, C57BL/6 mice were randomized into three dietary groups: 1) control diet, 2) zinc-deficient diet for 3 weeks, and 3) zinc-deficient diet for 3 weeks followed by oral zinc supplementation for 3 days (n = 35 per diet). Mice were then assigned to receive either CLP or sham operation (n = 15 each per diet). CLP and sham-operated treatment groups were further assigned to a 7-day survival study (n = 10 per treatment per diet) or were evaluated at 24 hours (n = 5 per treatment per diet) for signs of vital organ damage. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sepsis mortality was significantly increased with zinc deficiency (90% vs. 30% on control diet). Zinc-deficient animals subject to CLP had higher plasma cytokines, more severe organ injury, including increased oxidative tissue damage and cell death, particularly in the lungs and spleen. None of the sham-operated animals died or developed signs of organ damage. Zinc supplementation normalized the inflammatory response, greatly diminished tissue damage, and significantly reduced mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Subacute zinc deficiency significantly increases systemic inflammation, organ damage, and mortality in a murine polymicrobial sepsis model. Short-term zinc repletion provides significant, but incomplete protection despite normalization of inflammatory and organ damage indices.
Assuntos
Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/etiologia , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/mortalidade , Sepse/complicações , Sepse/mortalidade , Zinco/deficiência , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Sepse/microbiologiaRESUMO
Pomegranate components have properties that could promote oral health, including reducing the risk of gingivitis. The present study examined young adults (n = 32, split evenly among both genders), for the effects of 4 weeks of thrice daily mouth rinsing with the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extract PomElla dissolved in water. This treatment changed salivary measures relevant to oral health including gingivitis. The changes were: reduced total protein (which can correlate with plaque forming bacteria readings), reduced activities of aspartate aminotransferase (an indicator of cell injury), reduced alpha-glucosidase activity (a sucrose degrading enzyme), increased activities of the antioxidant enzyme ceruloplasmin (which could give better protection against oral oxidant stress) and increased radical scavenging capacity (though this increase was significant only by nonparametric statistical analysis). A placebo of cornstarch in water did not affect these measures. These data raise the possibility of using pomegranate extracts in oral health products such as toothpaste and mouthwashes.
Assuntos
Gengivite/prevenção & controle , Lythraceae/química , Antissépticos Bucais/uso terapêutico , Saliva/química , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Saliva/enzimologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Fifty-four juvenile male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated to 9 groups including chow-fed rabbits without mineral supplementation, HC diet fed rabbits without mineral supplementation, HC + Cu, HC + Zn, HC + FeO, HC + Cu + Zn, HC + FeO + Cu, HC + FeO + Zn, and HC + FeO + Cu + Zn. Feeding HC diet resulted in a significant (P < .001) increase in the serum cholesterol, TG, LDL, and very LDL except HDL when compared with chow-fed rabbits. The highest serum lipid profiles were observed in the FeO rabbits without copper or zinc supplementation. A modest decrease in serum thiobarbituric acid reactant substances in rabbits given the HC + Zn was accompanied by a significant (P < .05) increase in antioxidant enzymes activities excluding superoxide dismutase that was markedly lower than those given the HC + Cu (12.83 +/- 2.13 vs 16.00 +/- 2.23 U/mL serum). Supplementation with copper alone in both the FeO and the non-FeO rabbits significantly (P < .001) enhanced serum ceruloplasmin activity in comparison with other groups, but co-supplementation of copper plus zinc in the non-FeO rabbits did not significantly (P > .05) affect ceruloplasmin activity in comparison with those treated with unsupplemented regimens. A significant decrease was found in sudanophilia area of rabbits supplemented with zinc (62.36% +/- 3.55%) compared to those given the HC + FeO, the HC + FeO + Cu, and HC without mineral supplementation; however, no significant (P > .05) difference in animals given the HC + Cu, the HC + Cu + Zn, and the HC + FeO + Zn was observed. Based on these findings, it may be suggested that the antiatherogenic effects of zinc in presence of copper, on which there is overloading of iron, is reduced under hypercholesterolemia.
Assuntos
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cobre/farmacologia , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamento farmacológico , Sobrecarga de Ferro , Zinco/farmacologia , Animais , Colesterol/sangue , Cobre/administração & dosagem , Cobre/sangue , Interações Medicamentosas , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Coelhos , Distribuição Aleatória , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of calcium intake on body weight, body fat, and markers of bone turnover in pre-menopausal adult women undergoing a 12 week weight loss program of diet and exercise. METHODS: Subjects were prescribed a 12 week diet with a 500 Kcal restriction containing about 750 mg calcium/day, exercised 3 times/week, and were given either placebo capsules, capsules of calcium lactate or calcium phosphate (daily dose about 800 mg calcium), or low fat milk (daily dose about 800 mg calcium). Subjects completed and returned daily diet diaries weekly. RESULTS: Daily calcium intake in mg from diet records + supplement assignment was: 788 +/- 175 (placebo), 1698 +/- 210 (Ca lactate), 1566 +/- 250 (Ca phosphate), 1514 +/- 225 (milk)(no significant differences among the calcium and milk groups). Each group had statistically significant changes in body weight (p < 0.01), but there were no significant differences among groups for the weight loss: 5.8 +/- 0.8 kg (placebo), 4.1 +/- 0.7 kg (Ca lactate), 5.4 +/- 1.3 kg (Ca phosphate), 4.2 +/- 0.8 kg (milk). Body fat was changed significantly in each group (p < 0.01), with milk group showing a little less change than the other groups. Serum bone specific alkaline phophatase activity, a bone synthesis marker, increased similarly in all groups (p < 0.001 within groups, no significance for changes among groups). In contrast, the Ca lactate group, but not other groups, had a drop in urine values for alpha helical peptide, a bone resorption marker (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: For the conditions of this study, increased calcium intake, by supplement or milk, did not enhance loss of body weight or fat, though calcium lactate supplementation lowered values for a marker of bone degradation.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/administração & dosagem , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/administração & dosagem , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Obesidade/terapia , Redução de Peso , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adulto , Fosfatase Alcalina/metabolismo , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/farmacologia , Reabsorção Óssea , Compostos de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Fosfatos de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Cálcio da Dieta/farmacologia , Cápsulas , Bovinos , Dieta Redutora , Método Duplo-Cego , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactatos/administração & dosagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Leite/química , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Pré-Menopausa , Redução de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Redução de Peso/fisiologiaRESUMO
Chromium (Cr) supplements are available as picolinate, nicotinate or chloride (the latter primarily in multivitamin-mineral supplements). The picolinate form has been reported to be the best absorbed and most efficacious, but some reports question which form has superior absorption. The present study examined acute Cr absorption, based on 24h urinary Cr values, for picolinate, two types of nicotinate, and chloride in young adult, non-overweight females. College-aged women were given 200 microg of Cr as each of the four supplement types in random order accompanied by a small standardized meal, separated by at least a week washout. Cr picolinate produced significantly higher 24h urinary Cr than either of two nicotinate supplements or Cr chloride given in a multivitamin-mineral supplement. This difference was seen for absolute values of the urinary Cr and for percent increases. In conclusion, based on an indirect measure of acute absorption, Cr picolinate was superior to three other Cr complexes commonly sold as supplements.
Assuntos
Compostos de Cromo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Absorção Intestinal/fisiologia , Adulto , Compostos de Cromo/administração & dosagem , Compostos de Cromo/química , Compostos de Cromo/metabolismo , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
Kava, like a number of herbals, has been associated with causing liver damage based on limited evidence. In contrast, the present study found that in rats, 3 mo feedings of two types of kava extracts (an acetone extract and an ethanol extract of the Samoan kava cultivar Ava Laau) at three different doses (31.25, 62.5 and 133 mg/kg diet) produced no liver injury based on serum markers of liver damage (sorbitol dehydrogenase activities, bile acid concentrations, and beta-glucuronidase activities) and serum lipid peroxide readings. In fact, for some measurements and some kava doses, the injury marker readings were below control values. Moreover, for these same parameters, kava feeding did not enhance the effects of the hepatotoxin galacatosamine (500 mg/kg ip); some kava doses even showed modest protection against liver injury. Liver histology analysis showed no signs of kava causing or enhancing liver injury. Thus, this study does not support the concept that kava produces or aggravates liver injury.