Spatial-temporal topography in neurogenesis of the macaque thalamus.

Maternal injection of 3H-thymidine ([3H]dT) during gestation in non-human primates (NHPs) has been used to determine the time of neurogenesis for various brain areas, including the lateral geniculate (LGN) and the pulvinar (PUL) nuclei of the caudal thalamus. Here, we examine neurogenesis in the rostral thalamus, with focus on the mediodorsal (MD) and the anterior nuclei (ANT), to determine if neurogenesis of rostral and caudal thalamic nuclei is concurrent or instead temporally staggered. The MacBrainResource (MBR) search function identified archived cases (N = 10) of [3H]dT labeled specimens, with injection dates ranging from embryonic day 25 (E25)-E50 and postnatal sacrifice dates. Slides were scanned to create digital images for subsequent analysis using Stereo Investigator software. Labeled neurons were mapped within a contour that encompassed the entire rostral thalamus. These maps were superimposed onto closely corresponding sections from the online BrainMaps macaque atlas to facilitate analysis. Our novel approach uncovered a previously undetected spatial-temporal patterning of neurogenesis in the thalamus. At E30, labeled neurons were located in a compact medial band; at E38-E40, labeling was dense ventrolaterally, and at E43, labeling predominated laterally at rostral levels and was widely distributed at caudal levels. Peak neurogenesis occurs earlier in MD (E30-E43) and ANT (E31-E43) than in LGN (E36-E43) and PUL (E36-E45). Birth-dating of neurons in MD and ANT, two higher order relay nuclei implicated in the pathology of schizophrenia, provides further insight into the critical period of vulnerability during which early developmental perturbation may increase incidence of schizophrenia later in life.

Utilization of fruit pomace, overripe fruit, and bush pruning residues from Andes berry (Rubus glaucus Benth) as antioxidants in an oil in water emulsion.

Crude extracts were prepared from residues of Rubus glaucus Benth by using food-grade solvents. Their efficacy protecting lipid oxidation of an oil in water (O/W) emulsion as well as of a bulk oil was tested. Stability of lipids during storage of an O/W emulsion was tested by the hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) measurements. Bulk oil stability was measured by the Rancimat method. Fruit pomace crude extracts were the best controlling lipid oxidation of an O/W emulsion, with crude extracts from overripe fruit and bush pruning residues acting as pro-oxidants as measured by the hydroperoxides levels. Neither of the crude extracts was able to inhibit lipid oxidation of the bulk oil. Mathematical modelling revealed that despite total phenolic content and partition coefficient of the crude extracts are important parameters to control lipid oxidation of an O/W emulsion, they do not totally explain their behavior in food-like systems.