Anti-cancer effects of Polyphyllin I: An update in 5 years.

Chong-lou, the rhizome of Paris polyphylla, has been used in herbal regimes to treat parotitis, mastitis and certain malignant tumors for thousands of years in traditional medicine. Polyphyllin I (PPI) is the main bioactive component in Paris polyphylla. Recent studies of PPI in various types of cancers have shown that PPI may exert a broad spectrum of anti-tumor effects, including inducing cell cycle arrest, inducing cell apoptosis, inducing autophagy, anti-angiogenesis, sensitizing tumors to chemotherapy, and participating in the modulation of inflammatory and immune response. Along with the growing research interest in PPI as well as accumulation of experimental evidences, this review periodically summarized the recent advances in regard to PPI's anti-tumor propensities in various cancers and the underlying mechanisms for future prospective research.

Effect of ginseng saponin, arsenic trioxide, beta-elemene combined with CTX on telomere-telomerase system in K562 cell line.

This study was aimed to investigate the modulating effects on telomere length and telomerase activity in K562 cells treated by arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, beta-elemene alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide (CTX) and to explore the possible mechanism and new therapy for acute leukemia. Human erythroleukemic cell line K562 was co-cultured with the above-mentioned drugs. Cells were collected after 24, 48 and 72 hours for further detection. Telomere length and telomerase activity were detected by Southern-blot and PCR-ELISA respectively. The effects of these drugs were observed at different concentrations and exposure time. The results showed that (1) ginseng saponin, arsenic trioxide, beta-elemene, or CTX could completely inhibit the telomerase activity of K562 cells at proper concentrations and exposure time. The inhibiting effects were enhanced when the three former drugs were used with CTX. Telomerase activity decreased proportionally with the concentrations and length of time. (2) viability of K562 cells was decreased after being co-cultured with arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, beta-elemene and CTX. The level of inhibition depends on the concentration and exposure time. (3) telomere length of K562 cells was 5.36 +/- 0.18 kb. After being co-cultured with those drugs for 72 hours, telomere length was 5.90 kb -6.50 kb, significantly longer than that of control (5.18 - 5.35 kb). It is concluded that arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, and beta-elemene can inhibit the growth and telomerase activity of K562 cells. The inhibiting effects were enhanced when they were used in combination with CTX. The depression of telomerase activity may be one of the mechanisms of anti-tumor effect. Less dosage and shorter course can be expected when arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, and beta-elemene are used in combination with CTX. When telomerase activity was depressed, the telomere length prolonged a little, indicating K562 cell line may extend telomeres by some alternative way other than telomerase activation.

[Effects of arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin and beta-elemene on telomere-telomerase system in K562 cell line].

The aim was to explore the modulating and inhibiting effects of arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin and beta-elemene on telomere length and telomerase activity in K562 cell line, and to study their anti-tumor mechanism and seek new method of therapy for acute leukemia. Human erythroleukemia cell line K562 was co-cultured with arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, beta-elemene separately, cells were collected after 24, 48 and 72 hours for further detecting. Telomere length and telomerase activity were detected by the methods of Southern-blot and PCR-ELISA respectively. The effects of these drugs on telomere length and telomerase activity were observed at different concentrations and length of time. The results showed that (1) telomerase activity of K562 cells decreased after co-cultured with arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin and beta-elemene. The inhibiting effects depended on drug concentrations and length of time. When co-cultured at proper concentration and period of time, telomerase activity could be inhibited; (2) viability of K562 cells decreased after co-cultured with arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin and beta-elemene, the inhibiting effect depends on drug concentrations and length of time; (3) after co-cultured with arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, and beta-elemene for 72 hours, telomere length of K562 cell line prolonged a little. It is concluded that (1) arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin and beta-elemene can inhibit telomerase activity in K562 cell line, the suppression of telomerase activity may be one of the mechanisms of anti-tumor effect; (2) arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin and beta-elemene can inhibit the growth of K562 cell line, the inhibiting effect depends on concentration and time; (3) when telomerase activity was suppressed, the telomere length prolonged a little, indicating that in K562 cell line may exist another mechanism to regulate telomere length, except telomerase activation.