RESUMO
Biocooperative augmented robots, can enhance rehabilitation therapies by giving the correct assistance at the correct time. Since different patients may benefit from different amounts of assistance or resistance at a given time, predicting when a person enters in an undesired psychophysiological state can provide an intelligent system with important information about when to initiate interaction. This paper presents a subject centered approach method that includes the human into the loop by using physiological feedback techniques. This allows the robot to adapt to several different patients and maintain the therapy as intensive as possible without compromising patients health or letting the individual get stressed which would result in a decay of the overall performance.
Assuntos
Biorretroalimentação Psicológica/instrumentação , Sistemas Homem-Máquina , Transtornos dos Movimentos/reabilitação , Robótica/instrumentação , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Terapia Assistida por Computador/instrumentação , Comportamento Cooperativo , Desenho de Equipamento , Análise de Falha de Equipamento , Humanos , Transtornos dos Movimentos/etiologia , Transtornos dos Movimentos/fisiopatologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This is a preliminary report on successful results obtained during treatment of two patients with chronic spinal cord injury. The therapeutic approach was based on the generation of controlled inflammatory activity at the injury site that induced a microenvironment for the subsequent administration of autologous, BM-driven transdifferentiated neural stem cells (NSC). METHODS: BM mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were cocultured with the patient's autoimmune T (AT) cells to be transdifferentiated into NSC. Forty-eight hours prior to NSC implant, patients received an i.v. infusion of 5 x 10(8) to 1 x 10(9) AT cells. NSC were infused via a feeding artery of the lesion site. Safety evaluations were performed everyday, from the day of the first infusion until 96 h after the second infusion. After treatment, patients started a Vojta and Bobath neurorehabilitation program. RESULTS: At present two patients have been treated. Patient 1 was a 19-year-old man who presented paraplegia at the eight thoracic vertebra (T8) with his sensitive level corresponding to his sixth thoracic metamere (T6). He received two AT-NSC treatments and neurorehabilitation for 6 months. At present his motor level corresponds to his first sacral metamere (S1) and his sensitive level to the fourth sacral metamere (S4). Patient 2 was a 21-year-old woman who had a lesion that extended from her third to her fifth cervical vertebrae (C3-C5). Prior to her first therapeutic cycle she had severe quadriplegia and her sensitive level corresponded to her second cervical metamere (C2). After 3 months of treatment her motor and sensitive levels reached her first and second thoracic metameres (T1-T2). No adverse events were detected in either patient. DISCUSSION: The preliminary results lead us to think that this minimally invasive approach, which has minor adverse events, is effective for the repair of chronic spinal cord lesions.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células/métodos , Regeneração Nervosa , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/terapia , Transplante de Células-Tronco/métodos , Linfócitos T/transplante , Adulto , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/imunologia , Antígenos CD/análise , Complexo CD3/análise , Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Diferenciação Celular , Separação Celular/métodos , Transplante de Células/efeitos adversos , Técnicas de Cocultura , Potenciais Somatossensoriais Evocados/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/química , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/imunologia , Neurônios/citologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/imunologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco/efeitos adversos , Células-Tronco/citologia , Linfócitos T/química , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
A series of long-chain fatty acids and the corresponding 2-hydroxy, 2-oxo, 3-hydroxy acid glucosamides were evaluated as immunomodulating compounds. In a preliminary screening, 2-[(2-ethoxycarbonyloxy)tetradecanoylamino]-2-deoxy-D-glucos e (2b) and 2-(3-hydroxydodecanoylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose (5a) resulted to be the most effective in enhancing the glucosamine activity. The findings of in vitro-ex vivo tests (unidirectional mixed lymphocyte culture reaction and primary antibody production) and in vivo tests (delayed type hypersensitivity, protection against bacterial or fungal infection and against Sarcoma 180 or Lewis lung carcinoma transplants) were very encouraging and allowed to assume for the two substances a protective activity, presumably through the ability of activating phagocytic and NK cells.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Glucosamina/análogos & derivados , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/síntese química , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenômenos Químicos , Química , Glucosamina/síntese química , Glucosamina/farmacologia , Glucosamina/toxicidade , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Tardia/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Sarcoma 180/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
A series of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(2-arylethenyl)phenols was prepared and examined for their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase in vitro and developing adjuvant arthritis in vivo in the rat. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. Among the best compounds is (E)-2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-[2-(3-pyridinyl)ethenyl]phenol (7d). It has an IC50 of 0.67 microM for cyclooxygenase and 2.7 microM for 5-lipoxygenase and an ED50 of 2.1 mg/kg in developing adjuvant arthritis. Additional in vivo data are reported for 7d.