FT-ICR-MS-based metabolomics: A deep dive into plant metabolism.

Metabolomics involves the identification and quantification of metabolites to unravel the chemical footprints behind cellular regulatory processes and to decipher metabolic networks, opening new insights to understand the correlation between genes and metabolites. In plants, it is estimated the existence of hundreds of thousands of metabolites and the majority is still unknown. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) is a powerful analytical technique to tackle such challenges. The resolving power and sensitivity of this ultrahigh mass accuracy mass analyzer is such that a complex mixture, such as plant extracts, can be analyzed and thousands of metabolite signals can be detected simultaneously and distinguished based on the naturally abundant elemental isotopes. In this review, FT-ICR-MS-based plant metabolomics studies are described, emphasizing FT-ICR-MS increasing applications in plant science through targeted and untargeted approaches, allowing for a better understanding of plant development, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and the discovery of new natural nutraceutical compounds. Improved metabolite extraction protocols compatible with FT-ICR-MS, metabolite analysis methods and metabolite identification platforms are also explored as well as new in silico approaches. Most recent advances in MS imaging are also discussed.

Vitis vinifera 'Pinot noir' leaves as a source of bioactive nutraceutical compounds.

Agricultural by-products are often hidden sources of healthy plant ingredients. The investigation of the nutritional values of these by-products is essential towards sustainable agriculture and improved food systems. In the vine industry, grape leaves are a bulky side product which is strategically removed and treated as waste in the process of wine production. In this work we performed an untargeted metabolomic profiling of the methanol extract of the leaves of Vitis vinifera cultivar 'Pinot noir', analysed their fatty acid content, and estimated their antioxidative capacity, with the purpose of investigating its nutritional and medicinal value. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) analysis identified the presence of numerous compounds which are known to possess diverse nutritional and pharmacological properties, particularly polyphenols and phenolic compounds (e.g. caffeic acid, catechin, kaempferol and quercetin), several phytosterols and fatty acids. Fatty acids were the most represented lipids' secondary class, with the essential alpha-linolenic acid being the most abundant in 'Pinot noir' leaves, with a relative content of 42%. Also, we have found that 'Pinot noir' leaves present a high antioxidant capacity, putting grapevine leaves at the top of the list of foods with the highest antioxidative activity. Our findings scientifically confirmed that 'Pinot noir' leaves have a high content and diversity of biologically active phytochemical compounds which make it of exceptional interest for pharmaceutical and food industries.

Factors associated with the utilization of dental health services by the pediatric population: an integrative review. / Fatores associados à utilização dos serviços de saúde bucal pela população pediátrica: uma revisão integrativa.

This integrative literature review aimed to analyze studies about factors associated with the utilization of dental health services by the pediatric population between zero and 15 years old, published between 2006 and 2016 and available in Portuguese, English or Spanish. A survey of articles in the Lilacs and Medline databases was carried out, using the search strategy: ("dental care/utilization" OR "dental health services/utilization") AND ("child" OR "child, preschool") AND NOT adult. To analyze the methodological quality, the adapted Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP) and the Agency for Healthcare and Research and Quality (AHRQ) were used. The following predictors of use of dental health services stood out: factors associated with children or adolescents (age, frequency of tooth brushing, chronic conditions), caregivers (schooling, perception of child's dental health, perceived oral health needs), dentists (availability at night and on the weekends) and follow up of oral health by the family health team. These are inherent factors for the planning of oral health policies or programs for the pediatric population. However, these factors vary according to the context, and therefore, a contextual analysis should be conducted.

O objetivo desta revisão integrativa da literatura foi analisar estudos publicados entre 2006-2016, disponibilizados em português, inglês ou espanhol, sobre fatores associados à utilização dos serviços de saúde bucal pela população pediátrica entre 0 e 15 anos. Foi realizado um levantamento nas bases de dados Lilacs e Medline, utilizando a estratégia de busca: ("dental care/utilization" OR "dental health services/utilization") AND (child OR "child, preschool") AND NOT adult. Para análise da qualidade metodológica, utilizou-se o Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP) adaptado e o Agency for Healthcare and Research and Quality (AHRQ). Destacam-se como preditores do uso: fatores da criança ou adolescente (idade, frequência de escovação, condições crônicas), do cuidador (escolaridade, percepção da saúde bucal do filho, necessidades bucais referidas), do dentista (disponibilidade à noite e nos finais de semana) e o acompanhamento da saúde bucal pela equipe de saúde da família. Estes fatores são inerentes ao planejamento de políticas ou programas em saúde bucal na população pediátrica, entretanto, variam de acordo com o contexto em que se inserem. Portanto, uma análise contextual é necessária.

Fatores associados à utilização dos serviços de saúde bucal pela população pediátrica: uma revisão integrativa / Factors associated with the utilization of dental health services by the pediatric population: an integrative review

Resumo O objetivo desta revisão integrativa da literatura foi analisar estudos publicados entre 2006-2016, disponibilizados em português, inglês ou espanhol, sobre fatores associados à utilização dos serviços de saúde bucal pela população pediátrica entre 0 e 15 anos. Foi realizado um levantamento nas bases de dados Lilacs e Medline, utilizando a estratégia de busca: ("dental care/utilization" OR "dental health services/utilization") AND (child OR "child, preschool") AND NOT adult. Para análise da qualidade metodológica, utilizou-se o Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP) adaptado e o Agency for Healthcare and Research and Quality (AHRQ). Destacam-se como preditores do uso: fatores da criança ou adolescente (idade, frequência de escovação, condições crônicas), do cuidador (escolaridade, percepção da saúde bucal do filho, necessidades bucais referidas), do dentista (disponibilidade à noite e nos finais de semana) e o acompanhamento da saúde bucal pela equipe de saúde da família. Estes fatores são inerentes ao planejamento de políticas ou programas em saúde bucal na população pediátrica, entretanto, variam de acordo com o contexto em que se inserem. Portanto, uma análise contextual é necessária.

Abstract This integrative literature review aimed to analyze studies about factors associated with the utilization of dental health services by the pediatric population between zero and 15 years old, published between 2006 and 2016 and available in Portuguese, English or Spanish. A survey of articles in the Lilacs and Medline databases was carried out, using the search strategy: ("dental care/utilization" OR "dental health services/utilization") AND ("child" OR "child, preschool") AND NOT adult. To analyze the methodological quality, the adapted Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP) and the Agency for Healthcare and Research and Quality (AHRQ) were used. The following predictors of use of dental health services stood out: factors associated with children or adolescents (age, frequency of tooth brushing, chronic conditions), caregivers (schooling, perception of child's dental health, perceived oral health needs), dentists (availability at night and on the weekends) and follow up of oral health by the family health team. These are inherent factors for the planning of oral health policies or programs for the pediatric population. However, these factors vary according to the context, and therefore, a contextual analysis should be conducted.

A first insight into the involvement of phytohormones pathways in coffee resistance and susceptibility to Colletotrichum kahawae.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying coffee-pathogen interactions are of key importance to aid disease resistance breeding efforts. In this work the expression of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) pathways were studied in hypocotyls of two coffee varieties challenged with the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum kahawae, the causal agent of Coffee Berry Disease. Based on a cytological analysis, key time-points of the infection process were selected and qPCR was used to evaluate the expression of phytohormones biosynthesis, reception and responsive-related genes. The resistance to C. kahawae was characterized by restricted fungal growth associated with early accumulation of phenolic compounds in the cell walls and cytoplasmic contents, and deployment of hypersensitive reaction. Similar responses were detected in the susceptible variety, but in a significantly lower percentage of infection sites and with no apparent effect on disease development. Gene expression analysis suggests a more relevant involvement of JA and ET phytohormones than SA in this pathosystem. An earlier and stronger activation of the JA pathway observed in the resistant variety, when compared with the susceptible one, seems to be responsible for the successful activation of defense responses and inhibition of fungal growth. For the ET pathway, the down or non-regulation of ET receptors in the resistant variety, together with a moderate expression of the responsive-related gene ERF1, indicates that this phytohormone may be related with other functions besides the resistance response. However, in the susceptible variety, the stronger activation of ERF1 gene at the beginning of the necrotrophic phase, suggests the involvement of ET in tissue senescence. As far as we know, this is the first attempt to unveil the role of phytohormones in coffee-C. kahawae interactions, thus contributing to deepen our understanding on the complex mechanisms of plant signaling and defense.

High pressure treatment as a tool for engineering of enzymatic reactions in cellulosic fibres.

Ultrahigh hydrostatic pressure (UHP) was applied to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan in cellulosic fibers. The pretreatment improved xylan accessibility in the fiber cell wall and a 5-10-fold increase in the initial hydrolysis rate of xylan by xylanase was observed when Eucalyptus globulus kraft bleached pulp was pretreated at hydrostatic pressures of 300-400 MPa for 15-45 min. The rate and the extent of hydrolysis can be controlled by varying the pressure and the exposure time of UHP treatment prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Sequential UHP pretreatment and hydrolysis by xylanase disaggregated the hydrated cellulose fibrils and led to the gelation of cell wall regions accessible to enzymatic attack. UHP could therefore become a tool for the engineering of enzymatic reactions within cellulosic fibers to obtain products with tailored properties.

Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal: fatores associados à integralidade do cuidado / Brazilian Oral Health Policy: factors associated with comprehensiveness in health care / Política Nacional de Salud Bucal: factores asociados a la integración del cuidado

OBJETIVO: Analisar fatores relacionados à integralidade na assistência à saúde bucal em centros de especialidades odontológicas segundo os princípios norteadores da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório transversal baseado em entrevista com 611 usuários de quatro centros de especialidades odontológicas da Bahia em 2008. A variável dependente foi descrita como "integralidade na saúde bucal", correspondente à realização de tratamento odontológico básico antes do tratamento especializado ou concomitante a este. As principais co-variáveis se referiram a cobertura da estratégia saúde da família no município, características sociodemográficas dos usuários, acessibilidade organizacional e geográfica ao serviço, além do tipo de especialidade demandada. RESULTADOS: Residentes de cidades em que o Programa Saúde da Família tinha cobertura > 50 por cento tiveram mais chance de concluir o tratamento odontológico (RP = 2,03, IC 95 por cento: 1,33;3,09) em relação àqueles residentes em locais com cobertura menor. Quem buscou tratamento endodôntico teve mais chance de receber assistência integral à saúde bucal do que os usuários em busca de outras especialidades (RP = 2,31, IC 95 por cento: 1,67;3,19). Os usuários com maior facilidade no acesso geográfico ao serviço especializado (RP = 1,22, IC 95 por cento: 1,03;1,41), com ficha de referência (RP = 2,95, IC 95 por cento: 1,82;4,78) e oriundos da atenção primária (RP = 3,13, IC 95 por cento: 1,70;5,77) tiveram mais chance de alcançar a integralidade na assistência à saúde bucal em relação aos demais usuários. CONCLUSÕES: Usuários com facilidade de acesso geográfico, mais jovens e necessidade de serviço endodôntico tiveram mais chance de receber assistência integral. A implantação de centros de especialidades odontológicas em municípios nos quais a atenção primária à saúde não esteja adequadamente estruturada não é recomendada, visto que a atenção secundária estaria atendendo a livre demanda e executando procedimentos básicos e, portanto, não cumprindo o princípio da integralidade pretendida.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with comprehensiveness in oral health care in Centers of Dental Specialists, according to the guiding principles of the Brazilian Oral Health Policy. METHODS: An exploratory cross-sectional study, based on an interview with 611 users of four specialized dental care centers, was performed in the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil, in 2008. The dependent variable was described as "comprehensiveness in oral health care", corresponding to having a primary dental care performed before specialized treatment or concomitantly with it. The main covariables referred to the level of coverage of the family health strategy in the city, users' sociodemographic characteristics, and organizational and geographic accessibility to the service, in addition to the type of specialized care required. RESULTS: Residents of the cities where the Family Healthcare Program had a coverage >50 percent were more likely to conclude their dental treatment (PR=2.03, 95 percent CI: 1.33;3.09), compared to those who lived in places with lower coverage. Individuals who sought endodontic treatment were more likely to receive comprehensive oral health care than users who were seeking other types of specialized care (PR=2.31, 95 percent CI: 1.67;3.19). Users with better geographic accessibility to specialized services (PR=1.22, 95 percent CI: 1.03;1.41), with a reference guide from primary care (PR=2.95, 95 percent CI: 1.82;4.78) and coming from primary health care services (PR=3.13, 95 percent CI: 1.70;5.77) were more likely to achieve comprehensiveness in oral health care than other users. CONCLUSIONS: Users with better geographic accessibility, lower age and need of endodontic services were more likely to receive comprehensive health care. Implementation of Centers of Dental Specialists in cities where primary healthcare is not adequately structured is not recommended, because secondary health care would meet the free demand and perform basic procedures, thus not fulfilling the expected principle of comprehensiveness.

OBJETIVO: Analizar factores relacionados a la integración en la asistencia a la salud bucal en centros de especialidades odontológicas según los principios que guían la Política Nacional de Salud Bucal. MÉTODOS: Estudio exploratorio transversal basado en entrevista con 611 usuarios de cuatro centros de especialidades odontológicas de Bahia, Noreste de Brasil, en 2008. La variable dependiente fue descrita como "integración en la salud bucal", correspondiente a la realización de tratamiento odontológico básico antes del tratamiento especializado o concomitante a este. Las principales covariables se refirieron a cobertura de la estrategia salud de la familia en el municipio, características sociodemográficas de los usuarios, accesibilidad organizacional y geográfica al servicio, además del tipo de especialidad demandada. RESULTADOS: Residentes de ciudades donde el Programa Salud de la Familia tenía cobertura >50 por ciento tuvieron más chance de concluir el tratamiento odontológico (RP=2,03, IC 95 por ciento: 1,33;3,09) con relación a aquellas que estaban residenciados en localidades con cobertura menor. Quien buscó tratamiento endodóntico tuvo más chance de recibir asistencia integral a la salud bucal en comparación con los usuarios que buscan otras especialidades (RP=2,31, IC 95 por ciento: 1,67;3,19). Los usuarios con mayor facilidad en el acceso geográfico al servicio especializado (RP=1,22, IC 95 por ciento: 1,03;1,41), con ficha de referencia (RP=2,95, IC 95 por ciento: 1,82;4,78) y oriundos de la atención primaria (RP=3,13, IC 95 por ciento: 1,70;5,77) tuvieron más chance de alcanzar la integración en la asistencia a la salud bucal con relación a los demás usuarios. CONCLUSIONES: Usuarios con facilidad de acceso geográfico, más jóvenes y necesidad de servicios endodóntico tuvieron más chance de recibir asistencia integral. La implantación de centros de especialidades odontológicas en municipios donde la atención primaria a la salud no se encuentre adecuadamente estructurada no es recomendada, visto que la atención secundaria estaría atendiendo la libre demanda y ejecutando procedimientos básicos y, por lo tanto, no cumpliendo el principio de la integración pretendida.

Brazilian Oral Health Policy: factors associated with comprehensiveness in health care.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with comprehensiveness in oral health care in Centers of Dental Specialists, according to the guiding principles of the Brazilian Oral Health Policy. METHODS: An exploratory cross-sectional study, based on an interview with 611 users of four specialized dental care centers, was performed in the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil, in 2008. The dependent variable was described as "comprehensiveness in oral health care", corresponding to having a primary dental care performed before specialized treatment or concomitantly with it. The main covariables referred to the level of coverage of the family health strategy in the city, users' sociodemographic characteristics, and organizational and geographic accessibility to the service, in addition to the type of specialized care required. RESULTS: Residents of the cities where the Family Healthcare Program had a coverage >50% were more likely to conclude their dental treatment (PR=2.03, 95% CI: 1.33;3.09), compared to those who lived in places with lower coverage. Individuals who sought endodontic treatment were more likely to receive comprehensive oral health care than users who were seeking other types of specialized care (PR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.67;3.19). Users with better geographic accessibility to specialized services (PR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.03;1.41), with a reference guide from primary care (PR=2.95, 95% CI: 1.82;4.78) and coming from primary health care services (PR=3.13, 95% CI: 1.70;5.77) were more likely to achieve comprehensiveness in oral health care than other users. CONCLUSIONS: Users with better geographic accessibility, lower age and need of endodontic services were more likely to receive comprehensive health care. Implementation of Centers of Dental Specialists in cities where primary healthcare is not adequately structured is not recommended, because secondary health care would meet the free demand and perform basic procedures, thus not fulfilling the expected principle of comprehensiveness.

Cuidados alimentares e fatores associados em Canoas, RS, Brasil / Concerns about eating habits and associated factors in Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Foi realizado um estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 1.951 indivíduos de 14 anos e mais, com o objetivo deinvestigar a associação entre cuidados alimentares e variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e outros hábitos relacionados à saúde em Canoas-RS. Desses, 45 por cento referiram consumo de gorduras sem restrições, 61 por cento de doces, 64 por cento de carnes e 81 por cento de farinhas/massas. Ao consumo de carnes sem restrições, associaram-se: sexo masculino; escolaridade entre cinco e oitoanos; idade ≤59 anos; consumo de gorduras e farinhas/massas sem restrições; e não uso de homeopatia. Ao consumo de gorduras sem restrições, associaram-se: sexo masculino; escolaridade ≤8 anos; idade ≤59 anos; auto-percepção de vida não-saudável; tabagismo; uso de álcool, não uso de chás e medicamentos; consumo de carnes, doces e farinhas/massas semrestrições; não realização de exames preventivos. Ao consumo de doces sem restrições, associaram-se: idade ≤59 anos; autopercepção de vida não-saudável; consumo de gorduras e farinhas/massas sem restrições. Ao consumo de farinhas/massassem restrições, associaram-se: sexo masculino, idade ≤59 anos; consumo de carnes, gorduras e doces sem restrições. As associações evidenciadas entre ausência de cuidados alimentares e outros hábitos relacionados ao uso de álcool e tabaco, fatores de risco para doenças crônico-degenerativas, apontam para a necessidade da implementação de políticas intersetoriaisde promoção da saúde.

A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with 1,951 individuals aged >14 years old to investigate the association between concerns about eating habits and eating habits and demographic, socio-economic, and other health-related habits in residents of Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul. Individuals reported unrestricted consumption of fats (45 percent), meat (64 percent), sweets (61 percent), and flours/pastas (81 percent). The variables associated with unrestricted consumption of meat were: male sex; five to eight years of schooling; people with unrestricted consumption of fats and flours/pastas; and no homeopathic treatment. The variables associated with unrestricted consumption of fats were: male sex; individuals with 8 years of schooling or less; self-perception of their unhealthy lifestyle; smoking; alcohol consumption, no tea drinking and nonuse of medication; unrestricted consumption of meats, sweets and flours/pastas, and absence of preventive exams. The factors associated with unrestricted consumption of sweets were self-perception of their unhealthy lifestyle; and unrestricted consumption of fats and flours/pastas. The variables associated with unrestricted consumption of flours/pastas were: male sex; and unrestricted intake of fats, meats and sweets. Regarding the age group, unrestricted consumption for all variables was associated mainly with people aged less than 59 years old. Theassociations between eating habits and other risk factors for chronic diseases, like those related to alcohol and tobacco,point out the need for the plementation of health promotion inter-organizational policies.