[Does the presence of an obstructive sleep apnea change the indications for the pacemaker implantation? - case raports].

The obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a mortality risk factor of the cardiovascular system diseases. One of the elements of this relationship is the occurrence of nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias. The arrhytmias in question are resistant to drug therapy so it is suggested to consider electrotherapy. However, the coexistence of OSA and thus recurrent episodes of nocturnal hypoxia, may have significant impact on the diagnosis and the treatment applied as shown in the following cases. In some cases, the decision of electrotherapy should be preceded by the use of therapy with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

[Does the presence of an obstructive sleep apnea change the indications for the pacemaker implantation? - case raports].

The obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a mortality risk factor of the cardiovascular system diseases. One of the elements of this relationship is the occurrence of nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias. The arrhytmias in question are resistant to drug therapy so it is suggested to consider electrotherapy. However, the coexistence of OSA and thus recurrent episodes of nocturnal hypoxia, may have significant impact on the diagnosis and the treatment applied as shown in the following cases. In some cases, the decision of electrotherapy should be preceded by the use of therapy with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

Fine-tuning recA expression in Staphylococcus aureus for antimicrobial photoinactivation: importance of photo-induced DNA damage in the photoinactivation mechanism.

Bacterial cell envelope is generally accepted as the primary target for a photo-induced oxidative stress. It is plausible that DNA damage occurs during the antimicrobial photoinactivation. Here we investigate the correlation between DNA damage and photoinactivation by evaluating the level of RecA-based DNA repair system in Staphylococcus aureus. By using exogenous photosensitizers (new methylene blue (NMB), toluidine blue O (TBO), 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrin tetra(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), Rose Bengal (RB)) and ALA-induced endogenous porphyrin-dependent blue light (405 nm), several outcomes were observed: (i) an increase of DNA damage (from gel electrophoresis in DNA damage assay), (ii) an increase of recA expression (luminescence assay in recA-lux strain), and (iii) an increase of RecA protein level (Western blotting). When recA expression was repressed by novobiocin, or abolished by deleting the gene, S. aureus susceptibility towards photoinactivation was increased at approximately a hundred-fold. The absence of RecA increases DNA damage to yield bactericidal effect. In novobiocin-resistant mutant (gyrB), as opposed to wild type, neither RecA protein level nor cell's susceptibility was affected by photoinactivation (when novobiocin is present). This is to suggest that GyrB-dependent inhibition mediated recA repression. Therefore, we have established the role of RecA in DNA damage during photoinactivation. With the use of rifampicin mutation frequency and Ames tests, we demonstrated that photoinactivation did not increase S. aureus mutagenesis and potentially is not mutagenic toward eukaryotic cells. The results suggest that the treatment is considered safe. In conclusion, we provide an evidence that recA inhibitor may serve as therapeutic adjuvant for antimicrobial photoinactivation. Clinical relevance of our findings warrants further investigations.