Alterations in the volume and shape of the basal ganglia and thalamus in schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations.

Different lines of evidence indicate that the structure and physiology of the basal ganglia and the thalamus is disturbed in schizophrenia. However, it is unknown whether the volume and shape of these subcortical structures are affected in schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations (AH), a core positive symptom of the disorder. We took structural MRI from 63 patients with schizophrenia, including 36 patients with AH and 27 patients who had never experienced AH (NAH), and 51 matched healthy controls. We extracted volumes for the left and right thalamus, globus pallidus, putamen, caudate and nucleus accumbens. Shape analysis was also carried out. When comparing to controls, the volume of the right globus pallidus, thalamus, and putamen, was only affected in AH patients. The volume of the left putamen was also increased in individuals with AH, whereas the left globus pallidus was affected in both groups of patients. The shapes of right and left putamen and thalamus were also affected in both groups. The shape of the left globus pallidus was only altered in patients lacking AH, both in comparison to controls and to cases with AH. Lastly, the general PANSS subscale was correlated with the volume of the right thalamus, and the right and left putamen, in patients with AH. We have found volume and shape alterations of many basal ganglia and thalamus in patients with and without AH, suggesting in some cases a possible relationship between this positive symptom and these morphometric alterations.

Alterations in the volume of thalamic nuclei in patients with schizophrenia and persistent auditory hallucinations.

The thalamus is a subcortical structure formed by different nuclei that relay information to the neocortex. Several reports have already described alterations of this structure in patients of schizophrenia that experience auditory hallucinations. However, to date no study has addressed whether the volumes of specific thalamic nuclei are altered in chronic patients experiencing persistent auditory hallucinations. We have processed structural MRI images using Freesurfer, and have segmented them into 25 nuclei using the probabilistic atlas developed by Iglesias and collaborators (Iglesias et al., 2018). To homogenize the sample, we have matched patients of schizophrenia, with and without persistent auditory hallucinations, with control subjects, considering sex, age and their estimated intracranial volume. This rendered a group number of 41 patients experiencing persistent auditory hallucinations, 35 patients without auditory hallucinations, and 55 healthy controls. In addition, we have also correlated the volume of the altered thalamic nuclei with the total score of the PSYRATS, a clinical scale used to evaluate the positive symptoms of this disorder. We have found alterations in the volume of 8 thalamic nuclei in both cohorts of patients with schizophrenia: The medial and lateral geniculate nuclei, the anterior, inferior, and lateral pulvinar nuclei, the lateral complex and the lateral and medial mediodorsal nuclei. We have also found some significant correlations between the volume of these nuclei in patients experiencing auditory hallucinations, and the total score of the PSYRATS scale. Altogether our results indicate that volumetric alterations of thalamic nuclei involved in audition may be related to persistent auditory hallucinations in chronic schizophrenia patients, whereas alterations in nuclei related to association cortices are evident in all patients. Future studies should explore whether the structural alterations are cause or consequence of these positive symptoms and whether they are already present in first episodes of psychosis.

Difference in Regional Brain Volume between Fibromyalgia Patients and Long-Term Meditators.

BACKGROUND: The practice of meditation has been shown to improve pain-related quality of life and also to alter brain activity. To assess brain volumetry in fibromyalgia (FM) patients, healthy meditators and healthy non-meditator control groups, and to elucidate the possible association between brain changes in meditators and years of meditation practice. METHODS: Twelve patients diagnosed with FM, eleven long-term Zen meditators and ten healthy control subjects closely matched for sex and age were recruited. A high resolution T1-3D sequence was acquired and a high-dimensional DARTEL normalization strategy was applied. Questionnaires on anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment were administered. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in grey matter volume in the Brodmann area 20 (right and left inferior temporal gyri) in patients with fibromyalgia and a significant decrease in the meditator group as compared to controls. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in grey matter volume in fibromyalgia patients as compared to controls and meditators, to the right temporal gyrus (p=0.03, t=6.85) and left temporal gyrus (p=0.04, t=6.31). The number of months of meditation did not correlate with significant grey matter volume changes in the meditator group. CONCLUSIONS: FM and meditation appears to be reliably associated with altered anatomical structure in the Brodmann area 20 (in both inferior temporal gyri), and these changes are associated with anxiety and depression levels. In addition, exploratory morphometric analyses for fibromyalgia patients and meditators may reveal relevant brain regions showing structural diminution in meditation practitioners. Morphologic changes might predispose toward vulnerability to develop a chronic pain state. Such structural diminutions could potentially indicate functional benefits.

Diferencias en el volumen cerebral regional entre pacientes de fibromialgia y meditadores de larga duración / Difference in Regional Brain Volume between Fibromyalgia Patients and Long-Term Meditators

Contextualización teórica/antecedentes. La práctica de la meditación ha demostrado mejorar la calidad de vida en relación con el dolor padecido, así como alterar la actividad cerebral. Se evalúa la volumetría cerebral en pacientes de fibromialgia (FM), con grupos de control de meditadores y no-meditadores sanos, para dilucidar la posible asociación entre los cambios cerebrales en meditadores y los años de práctica de la meditación. Metodología. La muestra se compone de doce pacientes diagnosticados con FM, once meditadores Zen consolidados y diez sujetos control sanos clasificados por edad y sexo. Los sujetos se exploraron con una secuencia de Resonancia Magnética T1-3D de alta resolución y las imágenes se analizaron mediante una estrategia de normalización DARTEL (Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Through Exponentiated Lie Algebra) de alta dimensionalidad. Se administraron cuestionarios sobre ansiedad, depresión y deterioro cognitivo. Resultados. Se observó un incremento estadísticamente significativo en el volumen de la sustancia gris en el área 20 de Brodmann (giro inferior temporal derecho e izquierdo) en los pacientes con fibromialgia y una disminución significativa en el grupo de meditadores en comparación con el grupo control. Por otra parte, se observó un incremento significativo del volumen de sustancia gris en pacientes con fibromialgia en comparación con el grupo control y el grupo de meditadores en los giros temporales derechos (p=0.03, t=6.85) e izquierdos (p=0.04, t=6.31). El número de meses de práctica de la meditación no correlacionó con cambios significativos en el volumen de sustancia gris en el grupo de meditadores. Conclusiones. La fibromialgia y la meditación parecen estar asociadas de manera fiable con alteraciones anatómicas localizadas en el área 20 de Brodmann (giro inferior y temporal), estando a su vez estos cambios asociados con los niveles de ansiedad y depresión. Además, los análisis morfológicos exploratorios en los pacientes con fibromialgia y los meditadores, pueden revelar disminuciones estructurales relevantes en regiones cerebrales en los practicantes de meditación. Los cambios morfológicos podrían suponer una mayor predisposición al desarrollo de un estado de dolor crónico, mientras que tales disminuciones estructurales podrían indicar potenciales beneficios funcionales (AU)

Background. The practice of meditation has been shown to improve pain-related quality of life and also to alter brain activity. To assess brain volumetry in fibromyalgia (FM) patients, healthy meditators and healthy non-meditator control groups, and to elucidate the possible association between brain changes in meditators and years of meditation practice. Methods. Twelve patients diagnosed with FM, eleven long-term Zen meditators and ten healthy control subjects closely matched for sex and age were recruited. A high resolution T1-3D sequence was acquired and a high-dimensional DARTEL normalization strategy was applied. Questionnaires on anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment were administered. Results. There was a statistically significant increase in grey matter volume in the Brodmann area 20 (right and left inferior temporal gyri) in patients with fibromyalgia and a significant decrease in the meditator group as compared to controls. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in grey matter volume in fibromyalgia patients as compared to controls and meditators, to the right temporal gyrus (p=0.03, t=6.85) and left temporal gyrus (p=0.04, t=6.31). The number of months of meditation did not correlate with significant grey matter volume changes in the meditator group. Conclusions. FM and meditation appears to be reliably associated with altered anatomical structure in the Brodmann area 20 (in both inferior temporal gyri), and these changes are associated with anxiety and depression levels. In addition, exploratory morphometric analyses for fibromyalgia patients and meditators may reveal relevant brain regions showing structural diminution in meditation practitioners. Morphologic changes might predispose toward vulnerability to develop a chronic pain state. Such structural diminutions could potentially indicate functional benefits (AU)