Extra Virgin Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds Modulate the Gene Expression of Biomarkers Involved in Fibroblast Proliferation and Differentiation.

Extra virgin olive oil phenolic compounds have been identified as possible biostimulant agents against different pathological processes, including alterations in healing processes. However, there is little evidence on the molecular mechanisms involved in this process. The aim was to analyse the effect of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleocanthal on fibroblast gene expression. PCR was used to determine the expression of different differentiation markers, extracellular matrix elements, and growth factors in cultured human fibroblasts CCD-1064Sk treated with different doses of hydroxytyrosol (10-5 M and 10-6 M), tyrosol (10-5 M and 10-6 M), and oleocanthal (10-6 M and 10-7 M). After 24 h of hydroxytyrosol treatment, increased expression of connective tissue growth factor, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), and their receptors was observed. Tyrosol and olecanthal modulated the expression of FGF and TGFßR1. All phytochemicals tested modified the expression of differentiation markers and extracellular matrix elements, increasing gene expression of actin, fibronectin, decorin, collagen I, and III. Phenolic compounds present in extra virgin olive could have a beneficial effect on tissue regeneration by modulating fibroblast physiology.

Effect of Punicalagin and Ellagic Acid on Human Fibroblasts In Vitro: A Preliminary Evaluation of Their Therapeutic Potential.

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate is a fruit that contains various phenolic compounds, including punicalagin and ellagic acid, which have been attributed to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties, among others. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of punicalagin and ellagic acid on the viability, migration, cell cycle, and antigenic profile of cultured human fibroblasts (CCD-1064Sk). MTT spectrophotometry was carried out to determine cell viability, cell culture inserts were used for migration trials, and flow cytometry was performed for antigenic profile and cell cycle analyses. Cells were treated with each phenolic compound for 24 h at doses of 10-5 to 10-9 M. RESULTS: Cell viability was always significantly higher in treated versus control cells except for punicalagin at 10-9 M. Doses of punicalagin and ellagic acid in subsequent assays were 10-6 M or 10-7 M, which increased the cell migration capacity and upregulated fibronectin and α-actin expression without altering the cell cycle. CONCLUSIONS: These in vitro findings indicate that punicalagin and ellagic acid promote fibroblast functions that are involved in epithelial tissue healing.

Effect of phenolic extracts from different extra-virgin olive oil varieties on osteoblast-like cells.

The reported incidence of osteoporosis is lower in countries in which the Mediterranean diet predominates, and this apparent relationship may be mediated by the phenolic compounds present in olive oil. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of phenolic extracts from different varieties of extra-virgin olive oil (Picual, Arbequina, Picudo, and Hojiblanca) on the differentiation, antigenic expression, and phagocytic capacity of osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. At 24 h of treatment a significant increase in phosphatase alkaline activity and significant reductions in CD54, CD80, and HLA-DR expression and in phagocytic activity were observed in comparison to untreated controls. The in vitro study performed has demonstrated that phenolic compounds from different extra virgin olive oil varieties can modulate different parameters related to osteoblast differentiation and function.

The effect of low-level diode laser therapy on early differentiation of osteoblast via BMP-2/TGF-ß1 and its receptors.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of LLDL therapy on the gene expression of osteoblast markers of growth and differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MG-63 cell line was exposed to diode laser (ezLase) of 940 nm at 1-1.5 W and 3-4 J, and gene expressions (Runx-2, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], type I collagen [Col-I], osterix [OSX], osteocalcin [OSC], osteoprotegerin [OPG], bone morphogenetic protein [BMP]-2 and -7, transforming growth factor-ß1 [TGF-ß1], and TGF-ß receptors [TGF-ß R1, TGF-ß R2; TGF-ß R3]) were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: LLDL treatment stimulated the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers ALP, Col-I, Runx-2, and OSX in relation to the doses applied (P < 0.05), but no changes were detected in OSC, OPG, or BMP-7 at any study dose. This effect may be mediated by TGF-ß1 and BMP-2, given that the treatment increased their expression and that of TGF-ß receptors R1, R2, and R3 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the biostimulatory effect of laser therapy on osteoblasts may be attributable to the release of autocrine factors in response to the irradiation. A clinical trial is warranted to test its therapeutic usefulness in bone tissue regeneration and to define a treatment protocol.

The effect of olive oil on osteoporosis prevention.

UNLABELLED: The incidence of osteoporosis and associated fractures is found to be lower in countries where the Mediterranean diet is predominant. These observations might be mediated by the active constituents of olive oil and especially phenolic compounds. OBJECTIVE: To review current knowledge by searching for all relevant publications since 2001 in the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases, using the descriptors: Mediterranean diet, virgin olive oil, phenols, bone, osteoblast and osteoporosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Published evidence suggests that olive oil phenols can be beneficial by preventing the loss of bone mass. It has been demonstrated that they can modulate the proliferative capacity and cell maturation of osteoblasts by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity and depositing calcium ions in the extracellular matrix. Further research on this issue is warranted, given the prevalence of osteoporosis and the few data available on the action of olive oil on bone.

The effects of low-level diode laser irradiation on differentiation, antigenic profile, and phagocytic capacity of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63).

Previous in vivo and in vitro studies have reported that low-level diode laser therapy induces a biostimulatory effect, such as cell proliferation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the laser irradiation of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) can modify alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), antigenic profile, and phagocytic capacity. The MG-63 cell line was exposed to diode laser (ezLase) of 940 nm at 1-1.5 W/cm(2) and 3-4 J. ALP was evaluated by a spectrophotometric technique and antigenic expression analysis (CD 54, CD80, CD86, HLA-DR), and phagocytic activity was analyzed by flow cytometry. At 24 h, the treated groups showed an increased ALP, and the highest increase versus controls (P = 0.002) was at the dose of 1 W/cm(2) and 3 J; this modulation of the antigenic profile translated into a reduced expression of CD54, CD86, and HLA-DR and a slightly decreased phagocytic capacity with respect to the nonirradiated control group at the different intensities and fluencies assayed. These results demonstrate that laser therapy can exert a biostimulatory effect on osteoblastic cells at different levels, which may be clinically useful in the regeneration of bone tissue.

Effect and clinical implications of the low-energy diode laser on bone cell proliferation.

Laser is a simple, noninvasive technique that has proven useful for treating damaged tissue. However, its effects on bone regeneration and the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on MG-63 cell proliferation of application of a pulsed diode laser (Ezlase) of 940 nm at low energy levels. After 24 hr of culture, osteoblasts underwent pulsed laser radiation at 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 W and fluences of 1-5 J. A control group was not irradiated. After the treatment, cells were incubated for 24 hr, and cell proliferation was analyzed using a spectrophotometric measure of cell respiration (MTT assay). Results were expressed as percentage proliferation versus controls. At 24-hr culture, cell proliferation was increased in laser-treated cells at intensities of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 W/cm(2) versus controls; the energy density was positively correlated with cell growth, which reached a peak at 3 J and decreased at higher fluences. The use of pulsed low-level laser with low-energy density range thus appears to exert a biostimulatory effect on bone tissue. Although the data on cell proliferation are robust, in-depth investigation is required into the effect of these irradiation doses on other cell parameters. The present findings demonstrate that laser therapy could be highly useful in tissue regeneration in different clinical settings, including nursing, physical therapy, dentistry, and traumatology.