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1.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 64(4): 185-191, abr. 2017. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-160992

RESUMO

Objetivos. Comprobar si la adición de bajas dosis de antibiótico (vancomicina) al suero de lavado del recuperador celular reduce la incidencia de contaminación bacteriana del concentrado de hematíes (CH) autógeno recuperado. Material y método. Estudio experimental, aleatorizado, doble ciego, en forma de grupos paralelos, sobre 20 pacientes consecutivos, programados para cirugía de artrodesis vertebral posterior. La hemorragia intraoperatoria se procesó mediante un recuperador de sangre modelo HaemoLite® 2+, en cuyo proceso los hematíes se lavaron según grupo de aleatorización, con suero fisiológico (grupo control) o con suero fisiológico+10μg/ml−1 de vancomicina (grupo vanco). Se recogieron los datos referentes a edad, peso, volumen procesado y recuperado, hemograma, hemocultivo y concentración de vancomicina del CH obtenido e incidencia de fiebre tras la reinfusión. Resultados. El volumen procesado fue 843±403ml y el volumen recuperado 121±29ml, con hemoglobina 10,4±5,0g/dl−1 y hematocrito 29,1±15,9% (media±DE). El hemocultivo del CH recuperado fue positivo a Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo en 5 casos (50%) en el grupo control mientras que fue estéril en todos los casos en el grupo vanco (p=0,016). La diferencia entre la concentración teórica de vancomicina administrada y la determinada en CH recuperado fue de 1,31μg/ml−1 (IC 95% 1,19-1,43; p=0,074). Conclusiones. La adición de vancomicina a una concentración de 10μg/ml−1 en el suero de lavado del recuperador consigue concentraciones similares en la sangre autógena recuperada y permite la eliminación de las bacterias, obteniéndose hemocultivos negativos en todos los casos (AU)


Objectives. The aim of this study is to test whether the addition of a low-dose of antibiotic (vancomycin) to the wash solution (saline) of the cell-saver reduces the incidence of bacterial contamination of the autologous red blood cell (RBCs) concentrate recovered. Material and method. Experimental, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study performed on 20 consecutive patients scheduled for posterior spinal fusion surgery. Intraoperative bleeding was processed through a cell-saver: HaemoLite® 2+, in which the RBCs were washed according to randomization group, with saline (control group) or saline+10μg/ml−1 vancomycin (vanco group). Data regarding age, weight, processed and recovered volume, blood count, blood culture, and vancomycin concentration in RBCs concentrates obtained and incidence of fever after reinfusion were collected. Results. Processed volume was 843±403ml and recovered volume 121±29ml, with haemoglobin concentration 10.4±5.0g/dl−1 and haematocrit 29.1±15.9% (mean±SD). Recovered RBC concentrate cultures were positive for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in 5 cases (50%) of the control group while all cultures were negative in the vanco group (P=.016). The difference between the theoretical concentration of vancomycin administered and the concentration determined in the recovered RBC concentrate was 1.31μg/ml−1 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.43; P=.074). Conclusions. The addition of vancomycin at a concentration of 10ug/ml−1 to the wash solution of the cell-saver achieved similar concentrations in the autologous blood concentrate recovered allowing for bacterial removal, with negative blood cultures in all cases (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Vancomicina/uso terapêutico , Transfusão de Sangue Autóloga/métodos , Escoliose/sangue , Escoliose/cirurgia , Método Duplo-Cego , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Artrodese/métodos , Irrigação Terapêutica/métodos , Sangue , Sangue/microbiologia , Antropometria/métodos
2.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 64(4): 185-191, 2017 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28094033

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to test whether the addition of a low-dose of antibiotic (vancomycin) to the wash solution (saline) of the cell-saver reduces the incidence of bacterial contamination of the autologous red blood cell (RBCs) concentrate recovered. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Experimental, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study performed on 20 consecutive patients scheduled for posterior spinal fusion surgery. Intraoperative bleeding was processed through a cell-saver: HaemoLite® 2+, in which the RBCs were washed according to randomization group, with saline (control group) or saline+10µg/ml-1 vancomycin (vanco group). Data regarding age, weight, processed and recovered volume, blood count, blood culture, and vancomycin concentration in RBCs concentrates obtained and incidence of fever after reinfusion were collected. RESULTS: Processed volume was 843±403ml and recovered volume 121±29ml, with haemoglobin concentration 10.4±5.0g/dl-1 and haematocrit 29.1±15.9% (mean±SD). Recovered RBC concentrate cultures were positive for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in 5 cases (50%) of the control group while all cultures were negative in the vanco group (P=.016). The difference between the theoretical concentration of vancomycin administered and the concentration determined in the recovered RBC concentrate was 1.31µg/ml-1 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.43; P=.074). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of vancomycin at a concentration of 10ug/ml-1 to the wash solution of the cell-saver achieved similar concentrations in the autologous blood concentrate recovered allowing for bacterial removal, with negative blood cultures in all cases.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Transfusão de Sangue Autóloga , Recuperação de Sangue Operatório/métodos , Vancomicina/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Lactente , Soluções
3.
Sanid. mil ; 72(3): 190-193, jul.-sept. 2016. graf, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-157315

RESUMO

El índice biespectral (BIS(R)) es un análogo electroencefalográfico que se determina por medios informáticos y que se usa en la actualidad para vigilar el nivel de hipnosis de los pacientes bajo sedación o anestesia. Ofrece una puntuación de 0 a 100, en la que 0 representa la ausencia de función cerebral y 100 el nivel de alerta completa del paciente. Se describe el empleo de esta monitorización en tres pacientes militares sometidos a anestesia regional con sedación. Desde el punto de vista de los autores, el empleo de la monitorización biespectral es aconsejable tanto en bajas atendidas en escalones médicos desplegados en zona de operaciones, como en hospitales en territorio nacional, ya que incrementa el nivel de seguridad durante la realización de procedimientos anestesiológicos


Bispectral index (BIS(R)) monitor is an electroencephalographic analog that it is determined by computer and is used to monitor the level of hypnosis patients under sedation or anesthesia. It provides a score from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the absence of brain function level 100 and patient alert complete. The use of this device is described in three military casualties who undergoing regional anesthesia with sedation. From authors point of view, Bispectral monitoring´s employ is advisable in casualties attended in deployed medical treatment facilities or in military hospital, because increases the level of the patient´s security while performing anesthesiological procedures


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacocinética , Anestesia por Condução/métodos , Eletroencefalografia , Hipnose Anestésica/métodos , Hospitais Militares , Militares , 51708/estatística & dados numéricos , Ferido de Guerra , Monitorização Intraoperatória/métodos
4.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 63(2): 69-77, feb. 2016. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-150334

RESUMO

Objetivos. Determinar si la puesta en marcha de un programa de ahorro de sangre y la adopción y asociación progresiva de diferentes métodos reducen las necesidades transfusionales en pacientes pediátricos intervenidos de escoliosis de múltiples etiologías. Material y método. Estudio cuasiexperimental, no aleatorizado y descriptivo, aprobado por el Comité de Ética para la Investigación de nuestra institución. Se incluyeron 50 pacientes pediátricos (ASA I-III) de edades comprendidas entre los 5 y los 18 años, intervenidos de cirugía de escoliosis de cualquier etiología mediante un único tiempo posterior o doble abordaje, anterior y posterior. Se compararon un grupo histórico (recogida retrospectiva de datos), sin alternativas a la transfusión (Grupo No ahorro = 15 pacientes), y otros 3 grupos prospectivamente: Grupo HNA (hemodilución normovolémica aguda) = 9 pacientes, Grupo HNA + Rec (recuperación intraoperatoria) = 14 pacientes, Grupo EPO (HNA + Rec + eritropoyetina ± donación preoperatoria) = 12 pacientes, conforme se implementaron las diferentes alternativas a la transfusión en nuestra institución. Resultados. La tasa de transfusión en los diferentes grupos (No ahorro, HNA, HNA + Rec, EPO) fue del 100, 66, 57 y 0% de los pacientes, con una media ± DE de 3,40 ± 1,59; 1,33 ± 1,41; 1,43 ± 1,50; 0 ± 0 unidades de CH transfundidas por paciente, respectivamente, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,001) tanto en la tasa de transfusión como en el número de unidades. Conclusiones. La aplicación de un programa multimodal de alternativas a la transfusión sanguínea en cirugía de escoliosis pediátrica, individualizado para cada paciente, puede evitar la transfusión en la práctica totalidad de los casos (AU)


Objectives. To determine whether the implementation of a blood conservation program, and the adoption and progressive association of different methods, reduces transfusion requirements in pediatric patients undergoing scoliosis surgery of different origins. Material and method. Quasi-experimental, nonrandomized, descriptive study, approved by the Ethics Committee for Research of our institution. 50 pediatric patients (ASA I-III) aged 5 to 18 years, undergoing scoliosis surgery of any etiology by a single posterior or double approach (anterior and posterior) were included. A historical group with no alternatives to transfusion: Group No ahorro = 15 patients (retrospective data collection) was compared with another 3 prospective study groups: Group HNA (acute normovolemic hemodilution) = 9 patients; Group HNA + Rec (intraoperative blood salvage) = 14 patients, and Group EPO (HNA + Rec + erythropoietin ± preoperative donation) = 12 patients; according with the implementation schedule of the transfusion alternatives in our institution. Results. The rate of transfusion in different groups (No ahorro, HNA, HNA + Rec, EPO) was 100, 66, 57, and 0% of the patients, respectively, with a mean ± SD of 3.40 ± 1.59; 1.33 ± 1.41; 1.43 ± 1.50; 0 ± 0 RBC units transfused per patient, respectively. Statistically significant differences (P < .001) were found in both the transfusion rate and number of RBC units. Conclusions. The application of a multimodal blood transfusion alternatives program, individualized for each pediatric patient undergoing scoliosis surgery can avoid transfusion in all cases (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Transfusão de Sangue/métodos , Escoliose/congênito , Pediatria/educação , Eritropoetina , Paralisia Cerebral/patologia , Anestesia/métodos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/administração & dosagem , Terapêutica/métodos , Transfusão de Sangue/normas , Escoliose/metabolismo , Pediatria/métodos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Eritropoetina/metabolismo , Paralisia Cerebral/metabolismo , Anestesia/classificação , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Terapêutica/normas
5.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 63(2): 78-83, feb. 2016. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-150335

RESUMO

Objetivos. Determinar las características hematológicas y microbiológicas de la sangre recuperada mediante el uso de un recuperador celular con campana centrifugadora pediátrica rígida (100 ml) en cirugía de escoliosis en pediatría y comprobar si se ajusta al estándar esperado en el paciente adulto. Material y método. Estudio de cohorte transversal, descriptivo, sobre 24 unidades consecutivas de sangre recuperada del campo quirúrgico procesadas mediante un recuperador de sangre modelo Haemolite® 2+ (Haemonetics Corp., Braintree, MA, EE. UU.). Se recogieron los datos referentes a edad, peso, abordaje (anterior o posterior) de la cirugía de escoliosis, volumen procesado y volumen de concentrado de hematíes (CH) autógeno recuperado, hemograma y hemocultivo del concentrado obtenido y la incidencia de fiebre tras la reinfusión. Resultados. El volumen procesado fue muy escaso (939 ± 569 ml) con gran variabilidad (coeficiente de variación = 0,6), a diferencia del volumen recuperado 129 ± 50 ml (coeficiente de variación = 0,38). Se estableció correlación estadísticamente significativa entre el volumen procesado y el hematocrito del CH recuperado (Pearson, r = 0,659; p = 0,001) que fue menor del esperado. Los parámetros hematológicos más relevantes de los concentrados recuperados fueron: Hb 11 ± 5,3 g dl−1; HTO: 32,1 ± 15,4%; leucocitos 5,34 ± 4,22 × 103 μl−1; plaquetas 37,88 ± 23,5 × 103 μl−1 (media ± DE). El hemocultivo del CH recuperado fue positivo en 13 casos (54,2%) en los que se aisló Staphylococcus coagulasa (−). Conclusiones. Los recuperadores celulares con campana centrifugadora de volumen fijo (incluso pediátrica) no obtienen la concentración esperada si se procesan bajos volúmenes, por lo que no son la mejor opción en el niño (AU)


Objective. To determine the haematological and microbiological characteristics of blood recovered by using a cell saver with a rigid centrifuge bowl (100 ml) in paediatric scoliosis surgery and to determine whether it conforms to the standard expected in adult patients. Material and methods. A cross-sectional, descriptive cohort study was performed on 24 consecutive red blood cell (RBC) units recovered from the surgical field and processed by a Haemolite® 2+ (Haemonetics Corp., Braintree, MA, EE. UU.) cell saver. Data were collected regarding age, weight, surgical approach (anterior or posterior), processed shed volume and volume of autologous RBC recovered, full blood count, and blood culture obtained from the RBC concentrate, and incidence of fever after reinfusion. Results. The processed shed volume was very low (939 ± 569 ml) with high variability (coefficient of variation = 0.6), unlike the recovered volume 129 ± 50 ml (coefficient of variation = 0.38). A statistically significant correlation between the processed shed volume and recovered RBC concentrate haematocrit was found (Pearson, r=.659, P=.001). Haematological parameters in the recovered concentrate were: Hb 11 ± 5.3 g dl−1; haematocrit: 32.1 ± 15.4% (lower than expected); white cells 5.34 ± 4.22 × 103 ul−1; platelets 37.88 ± 23.5 × 103 ul−1 (mean ± SD). Blood culture was positive in the RBC concentrate recovered in 13 cases (54.2%) in which Staphylococcus coagulase (−) was isolated. Conclusions. Cell salvage machines with rigid centrifuge bowls (including paediatric small volume) do not obtain the expected haematocrit if low volumes are processed, and therefore they are not the best choice in paediatric surgery (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Transfusão de Sangue Autóloga/classificação , Escoliose/metabolismo , Pediatria/educação , Estudos Transversais/métodos , Ortopedia/educação , Eritrócitos/citologia , Hemoglobina A/administração & dosagem , Assepsia/métodos , Leucócitos/citologia , Transfusão de Sangue Autóloga/métodos , Escoliose/patologia , Pediatria/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Ortopedia/organização & administração , Eritrócitos/patologia , Hemoglobina A/metabolismo , Assepsia/normas , Leucócitos/metabolismo
6.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 63(2): 69-77, 2016 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26049212

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the implementation of a blood conservation program, and the adoption and progressive association of different methods, reduces transfusion requirements in pediatric patients undergoing scoliosis surgery of different origins. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Quasi-experimental, nonrandomized, descriptive study, approved by the Ethics Committee for Research of our institution. 50 pediatric patients (ASA I-III) aged 5 to 18 years, undergoing scoliosis surgery of any etiology by a single posterior or double approach (anterior and posterior) were included. A historical group with no alternatives to transfusion: Group No ahorro=15 patients (retrospective data collection) was compared with another 3 prospective study groups: Group HNA (acute normovolemic hemodilution)=9 patients; Group HNA+Rec (intraoperative blood salvage)=14 patients, and Group EPO (HNA+Rec+erythropoietin±preoperative donation)=12 patients; according with the implementation schedule of the transfusion alternatives in our institution. RESULTS: The rate of transfusion in different groups (No ahorro, HNA, HNA+Rec, EPO) was 100, 66, 57, and 0% of the patients, respectively, with a mean±SD of 3.40±1.59; 1.33±1.41; 1.43±1.50; 0±0 RBC units transfused per patient, respectively. Statistically significant differences (P<.001) were found in both the transfusion rate and number of RBC units. CONCLUSIONS: The application of a multimodal blood transfusion alternatives program, individualized for each pediatric patient undergoing scoliosis surgery can avoid transfusion in all cases.


Assuntos
Transfusão de Sangue , Adolescente , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica , Transfusão de Sangue Autóloga/efeitos adversos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Escoliose/etiologia , Reação Transfusional
7.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 63(2): 78-83, 2016 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26162899

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine the haematological and microbiological characteristics of blood recovered by using a cell saver with a rigid centrifuge bowl (100ml) in paediatric scoliosis surgery and to determine whether it conforms to the standard expected in adult patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive cohort study was performed on 24 consecutive red blood cell (RBC) units recovered from the surgical field and processed by a Haemolite® 2+ (Haemonetics Corp., Braintree, MA, EE. UU.) cell saver. Data were collected regarding age, weight, surgical approach (anterior or posterior), processed shed volume and volume of autologous RBC recovered, full blood count, and blood culture obtained from the RBC concentrate, and incidence of fever after reinfusion. RESULTS: The processed shed volume was very low (939±569ml) with high variability (coefficient of variation=0.6), unlike the recovered volume 129±50ml (coefficient of variation=0.38). A statistically significant correlation between the processed shed volume and recovered RBC concentrate haematocrit was found (Pearson, r=.659, P=.001). Haematological parameters in the recovered concentrate were: Hb 11±5.3g dl(-1); haematocrit: 32.1±15.4% (lower than expected); white cells 5.34±4.22×103 ul(-)1; platelets 37.88±23.5×103 ul(-1) (mean±SD). Blood culture was positive in the RBC concentrate recovered in 13 cases (54.2%) in which Staphylococcus coagulase (-) was isolated. CONCLUSIONS: Cell salvage machines with rigid centrifuge bowls (including paediatric small volume) do not obtain the expected haematocrit if low volumes are processed, and therefore they are not the best choice in paediatric surgery.


Assuntos
Escoliose/cirurgia , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica , Transfusão de Sangue Autóloga , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Hematócrito , Humanos
8.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 61(1): 43-46, ene. 2014. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-118575

RESUMO

En un paciente sometido a extirpación de un tumor epidermoide del ángulo pontocerebeloso por vía retrosigmoidea derecha con anestesia general, se observó un descenso brusco de los valores del índice biespectral (BIS) con elevación de la tasa de supresión, que probablemente fue debido a la aparición de neumoencéfalo a nivel frontal. No se observó clínica neurológica simultánea, y el paciente fue extubado en la sala de reanimación sin incidencias después de que las cifras del BIS volvieran a elevarse. Se optó por el tratamiento conservador contando con la reabsorción y redistribución del aire (AU)


A sharp decrease in the values of the bispectral index (BIS), along with an increase in suppression rate, was observed in a patient after the removal of an epidermoid tumor in the cerebellopontine angle by right retrosigmoid access under general anesthesia. This was probably related to a frontal pneumocephalus. No accompanying neurological signs were observed. The patient was extubated in the Recovery Room with no further incidents, as the BIS increased again. The neurosurgeons chose conservative treatment, relying on the reabsorption and redistribution of the air (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Encéfalo , Encéfalo/patologia , Encefalopatias/complicações , Encefalopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Anestesia Geral/instrumentação , Anestesia Geral/métodos , Anestesia Geral , Cisto Epidérmico/tratamento farmacológico , Cisto Epidérmico/cirurgia , Extubação , Supressão/métodos
9.
Actual. anestesiol. reanim ; 20(3): 116-120, jul.-sept. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-88276

RESUMO

El desarrollo de técnicas quirúrgicas cada vez más complejas, principalmente en cirugía cardiovascular y ortopédica, cirugía oncológica, trasplantes y pacientes politraumatizados han intensificado el aumento de las demandas de transfusiones. En los últimos años, se ha hecho necesario limitar al máximo la transfusión de sangre homóloga por los posibles efectos adversos de tipo inmunológico, e infeccioso por virus y priones. Recientemente, se han desarrollado nuevas medidas terapéuticas con el fin de reducir al mínimo la utilización de sangre homóloga, principalmente en cirugía programada, entre las que destacan las diferentes modalidades de autotransfusión postoperatoria (AU)


The development of surgical techniques increases complexity, particularly in cardiovascular and orthopedic surgery, cancer surgery, transplants and patients with multiple injuries has intensified the growing demands of transfusions. In recent years it has become necessary to minimize homologous blood transfusion by the possible adverse effects of immunological, and infection by viruses and prions. Recently, we have developed new therapeutic measures to minimize the use of homologous blood, mainly in elective surgery, among which the different modalities of postoperative autotransfusion (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/métodos , Transfusão de Sangue Autóloga/métodos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/terapia , Viroses/transmissão , Doenças Priônicas/transmissão , Fatores de Risco
10.
Actual. anestesiol. reanim ; 17(2): 49-60, abr.-jun. 2007. ilus
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-62347

RESUMO

Con la aparición de la Teoría de la cascada anestésica en el año 2005 y el conocimiento de los circuitos de reverberación sostenida, el concepto de la anestesia y de cómo se producen los distintos eventos relacionados en su proceso ha despertado a un sinfín de consideraciones directamente relacionadas con estructuras anatómicas encadenadas del sistema nervioso central y, aún más, de estructuras moleculares –situs y locus- que intervienen definitivamente en la producción de un fenómeno hasta ahora tan ambiguo como este. El, cada día, más creciente conocimiento de los receptores GABAA, NMDA, glutamato, glicina, de sus subunidades o de los canales iónicos transmembrana; de su ubicación y actuación por acción de los fármacos anestésicos; pone de relieve que las teorías hasta ahora conocidas mantenían una importante laguna que no explicaba el efecto anestésico ni sus parcelas. La hipótesis de que los anestésicos generales producen hipnosis, amnesia e inmovilidad por actuación en diversas partes del sistema nervioso central y por distintos mecanismos moleculares, arrancó hace tan solo diez años. Desde entonces, hemos aprendido la teoría unitaria de la narcosis se ha modificado desarrollando numerosos componentes, cada uno de los cuales interviene en microcircuitos neuronales discretos. Estas redes se caracterizan por células específicas, interconexiones y sistemas de neurotransmisión determinados, lo que expresa objetivos moleculares –locus- diferentes para los anestésicos generales y ello abre nuevas expectativas al desarrollo de fármacos específicos, desprovistos de efectos secundarios (AU)


UIT the onset of the Anesthetic Cascade Theory in 2005 and the knowledge of sustained reverberation circuits, the events related with the anesthetic process and the anesthesia concept have woke up a lot of considerations about the connections of anatomic structures of central nervous system and, even more, about molecular structures –situs and locus- definitively implicated in the production of such ambiguous phenomenon like this. The growing knowledge about GABAA, NMDA, glutamate and glycine receptors, their subunits and their ionic channels; the knowledge about the location and their activation mediated by anesthetic drugs remarks that actual theories had an important defect because they didn´t explain the anesthetic effect or its components. The hypothesis that explains the effect of general anesthetics as producers of amnesia, hypnosis and immobility operating on different structures of central nervous system and by different molecular mechanisms started just ten years ago. Since then, we have learnt that narcosis unitary theory ha been modified developing new components, each one of them works are characterized by specific cell types, interconnections and specific neurotransmitter system that reveal different molecular targets –locus- of general anesthetic agents, so the knowledge of this new locus opens a new era in the development of new specific anesthetic drugs without unwanted side-effects (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Anestesia/métodos , Anestesia/tendências , Hipnose Anestésica/métodos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Hipnose/métodos , Hipnose Anestésica , Neurotransmissores/análise , Neurotransmissores/uso terapêutico , Adjuvantes Anestésicos/uso terapêutico , Receptores de GABA-B/química , Receptores de GABA-B , Receptores de GABA/análise , Receptores de GABA/química , Receptores de GABA
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