[Role of macrophage polarization in hypertension and traditional Chinese medicine intervention: a review].

Hypertension is known to be a chronic inflammatory state and a key risk factor for heart failure, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Macrophages in the circulatory system are the main cell group that constitutes the immune system and participates in the inflammatory response. Depending on the local microenvironment, macrophages can be polarized into pro-inflammatory(M1) and anti-inflammatory(M2) phenotypes. When blood pressure is elevated, M1 macrophages can release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to generate an immune response. However, an excessive immune response can lead to tissue damage, and M2 macrophages release anti-inflammatory cytokines to promote the repair of wounds and tissue damage. It is clear that the dynamic balance between M1 and M2 macrophages resembles the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory of Yin and Yang. That is, when Yin and Yang are imbalanced, the human body will exhibit pathological states, e.g., altered blood pressure rhythms. Studies have confirmed that TCM can produce positive therapeutic effects on hypertension by regulating macrophage polarization. Therefore, this study reviews the studies about the TCM regulation of macrophage polarization and summarized the mechanisms of TCM intervention in hypertension, with the aim of providing evidence for clinical treatment and ideas for scientific research design.

Improved Safety of Hybrid Electroconvulsive Therapy Compared With Standard Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Pilot Trial.

Objectives: ECT is a rapid and effective treatment for depression. While efficacy is often remarkable over the initial 3-4 sessions, the efficacy of later sessions is less rapid, and the side-effects, especially cognitive impairment limit its use. To preliminarily compare the efficacy and acceptability of a novel hybrid-ECT (HECT) protocol for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with standard ECT, we conducted this pilot trial. Methods: Thirty patients were randomly assigned to ECT or HECT. Both arms received three ECT sessions (phase 1) but, in phase 2, the HECT arm received low-charge electrotherapy instead of ECT. The primary outcome was the change in 24-item Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-24) scores between baseline and the end of treatment. Cognitive function was assessed by repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS), Stroop color word, and orientation recovery tests (ORT). Safety was measured by the drop-out rate and adverse events (AEs). Four visits were conducted at baseline, post-phase 1, post-phase 2, and at 1-month follow-up. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/), identifier: ChiCTR1900027701. Results: Patients in both arms showed significant within-group improvements in HAMD-24, but the between-group differences were non-significant. Participants in the HECT arm outperformed ECT patients for most cognitive tests at the end of treatment or at follow-up. There was a significantly lower AE rate and shorter ORT in phase 2 of the HECT ar. Conclusion: In this pilot trial, HECT was associated with fewer AEs and better cognitive function including executive and memory function, but its possible similar antidepressive efficacy needs to be further investigated in future.

Succinate-GPR-91 receptor signalling is responsible for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated fibrosis: Effects of DHA supplementation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is challenging, because suppressing fibrotic progression has not been achieved consistently by drug candidates currently in clinical trials. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular interplays underlying NASH-associated fibrosis in a mouse NASH model and human specimens. METHODS: Mice were divided into 4 groups: Controls; NASH (high fat/Calorie diet plus high fructose and glucose in drinking water, HFCD-HF/G) for 16 weeks; HFCD-HF/G plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 16 or 8 weeks. RESULTS: Along with NASH progression, fibrotic deposition was documented in HFCD-HF/G-fed mice. Liver succinate content was significantly increased along with decreased expression of succinate dehydrogenase-A (SDH-A) in these mice; whereas, GPR-91 receptor expression was much enhanced in histology compared to control mice, and co-localized histologically with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Succinate content was increased in fatty acid-overloaded primary hepatocytes with significant oxidant stress and lipotoxicity. Exposure to succinate led to up-regulation of GPR-91 receptor in primary and immortalized HSCs. In contrast, suppression of GPR-91 receptor expression abolished succinate stimulatory role in GPR-91 expression and extracellular matrix production in HSCs. All these changes were minimized or abrogated by DHA supplementation in vivo or in vitro. Moreover, GPR-91 receptor expression correlates with severity of fibrosis in human NASH biopsy specimens. CONCLUSION: Succinate accumulation in steatotoic hepatocytes may result in HSC activation through GPR-91 receptor signalling in NASH progression, and the cross-talk between hepatocytes and HSC through GPR-91 signalling is most likely to be the molecular basis of fibrogenesis in NASH.

Effect on sludge disintegration by EDTA-enhanced thermal-alkaline treatment.

Sludge disintegration is an effective pretreatment to enhance the biodegradability of sludge. At present, the thermal-alkaline is one of the most commonly used methods, but it has a massive consumption of energy and chemical reagents. EDTA-enhanced thermal-alkaline treatment was used to strengthen the dewatered sludge disintegration at mid-low temperature in this study. Results showed that the dissolving-out quantity of soluble chemical oxygen demand and the volatile solid (VS) in residual sludge in the EDTA-added group were 14.7% higher and 7% lower than those in control system without EDTA, respectively, indicating that EDTA addition improved the performance of sludge disintegration. The addition of EDTA loosened the floc structure and enhanced the hydrolyzability of dissolved organic matters (DOM) with a narrower distribution of the relative molecular weight. The membrane damage of microbial cells in EDTA-added group reached 73.3% after 120 min, which was much higher than that in the control group (31.9%). EDTA contains a large number of hydrogen bond acceptors and could form hydrogen bonds with alcohols and phenols in solubilization products and DOM. It was speculated that the mechanism of EDTA-enhanced sludge disintegration was related to the formation of hydrogen bonds between EDTA and organic matter inside and outside the cell. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The addition of EDTA facilitated the thermal-alkali cracking of dewatered sludge. EDTA increased the particle size of sludge and enhanced the hydrolysis of DOM. The strengthening effect mainly occurred at the beginning of TB-EPS dissolving slowly. Hydrogen bond played important roles in the enhanced disintegration of sludge by EDTA.

New anti-HBV norbisabolane sesquiterpenes from Phyllantus acidus.

The norbisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids bearing a spiroketal functionality have been found in Phyllanthus spp. and showed anti-HBV activities. As part of an ongoing effort to search for promising anti-HBV sesquiterpenes from Phyllanthus plants, we report four new norbisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids, phyacidusin A (1), phyacidusin B (2), phllanthacidoid A1 (3) and phllanthacidoid N1 (4), from stem of P. acidus collected in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province, China. The absolute configuration of new compounds was established by coupling constants and ROESY correlations, as well as comparation of NMR data with those of known compounds. The absolute configuration of new compounds 1 and 2 was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Compound 2 showed effect to HBsAg with an IC50 value of 11.2 ±â€¯0.01 µM, while compound 3 inhibited HBeAg secretion with an IC50 value of 57.1 ±â€¯0.02 µM. The results enriched the diversity of anti-HBV norbisabolane sesquiterpenes.

Effects of sludge lysate for Cr(VI) bioreduction and analysis of bioaugmentation mechanism of sludge humic acid.

This study evaluated the effects of sludge lysate (SL) on the anaerobic bioreduction of Cr(VI) and the role of sludge humic acid (SHA) during this process. The results showed that supplement of SL significantly enhanced the efficiency of Cr(VI) bioreduction by 29.61%, in 12 h compared with that of the control without SL. Moreover, SHA exhibited promoting effects on bioreduction of Cr(VI), and the promotion increased with increasing SHA concentrations from 100 to 300 mg/L. In the presence of 300 mg/L SHA, Cr(VI) (98.21 mg/L) was completely reduced after 24 h with a removal rate increased by 34.3% compared with that of the control without SHA. Further investigation on the bioaugmentation mechanism of SHA by studying the nature of SHA and the reaction mechanism between SHA and Cr(VI) revealed that SHA exhibited a strong adsorption ability, which could adsorb and combine with Cr(VI). The adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) by SHA was calculated as 34.4 mg/g with 0.2 g of SHA and 10 mg/L of Cr(VI). It could also act as redox mediators to accelerate the electron transfer between microorganisms and Cr(VI) to promote reduction of Cr(VI). Furthermore, the effects of SL on the microbial community compositions of the anaerobic Cr(VI) bioreduction system were studied. Brachymonas was the primary bacteria at the genus level. The abundance of electroactive bacteria, such as Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Arcobacter, increased in the SL-amended system. These findings expand the versatility of SL and justify wider use of residual activated sludge, which might contribute to the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater.

Gastrodia elata attenuates inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

Gastrodia elata (GE), which belongs to the Orchidaceae family, was found to possess anti-inflammatory activity. However, the effect of GE on inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) remains largely unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GE on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced inflammatory response in RA-FLS and the underlying molecular mechanism was also explored. Our results demonstrated that GE significantly attenuated TNF-α-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in RA-FLS. GE also inhibited TNF-α-induced MMP-3 and MMP-13 expression in RA-FLS. Furthermore, pretreatment with GE significantly attenuated TNF-α-induced the expression of p-p65 and IκBα degradation in RA-FLS. In conclusion, this study demonstrated for the first time that GE attenuated inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway signaling in RA-FLS. Thus, GE might have a therapeutic potential towards the treatment of RA.

Low caffeine content in novel grafted tea with Camellia sinensis as scions and Camellia oleifera as stocks.

Caffeine, a purine alkaloid, is a major secondary metabolite in tea leaves. The demand for low caffeine tea is increasing in recent years, especially for health reasons. We report a novel grafted tea material with low caffeine content. The grafted tea plant had Camellia sinensis as scions and C. oleifera as stocks. The content of purine alkaloids was determined in the leaves of one-year-old grafted tea plants by HPLC. We also characterized caffeine synthase (CS), a key enzyme involved in caffeine biosynthesis in tea plants, at the expression level. The expression patterns of CS were examined in grafted and control leaves by Western blot, using a self-prepared polyclonal antibody with high specificity and sensitivity. The expression of related genes (TCS1, tea caffeine synthase gene, GenBank accession No. AB031280; sAMS, SAM synthetase gene, AJ277206; TIDH, IMP dehydrogenase gene, EU106658) in the caffeine biosynthetic pathway was investigated by qRT-PCR. HPLC showed that the caffeine content was only 38% as compared with the non-grafted tea leaves. Immunoblotting analysis showed that CS protein decreased by half in the leaves of grafted tea plants. qRT-PCR revealed no significant changes in the expression of two genes in the upstream pathway (sAMS and TIDH), while the expression of TCS1 was greatly decreased (50%). Taken together, these data revealed that the low caffeine content in the grafted tea leaves is due to low TCS1 expression and CS protein accumulation.

[Effects of acupuncture combined general anesthesia on endorphin and hemodynamics of laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients in the perioperative phase].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of different anesthesia ways on endorphin and hemodynamics of laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients in the perioperative phase. METHODS: A total of 90 laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients, 29 to 80 years old, were randomly assigned to Group A (treated with electroacupuncture at acupoints combined general anesthesia), Group B (treated with electroacupuncture at non-acupoints combined general anesthesia), and Group C (treated with general anesthesia) according to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II, 30 cases in each group. All patients were induced by 3 microg/kg Fentanyl (Fen), 2 mg/kg Propofol (Pro), and 0.1 mg/kg Vecuronium (Vcr). Bispectral index (BIS), being 40 -65, indicated the state of general anesthesia. The anesthesia was maintained by intravenous injecting Pro, interruptedly intravenous injecting Fen and Vcr. Each patient received patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after operation. On these bases, patients in Group A received electrical acupuncture at bilateral Hegu (LI4), Neiguan (PC6), Quchi (Ll11), Zusanli (ST36), and Yanglingquan (GB34). Patients in Group B received electrical acupuncture at the points beside acupoints. The electroacupuncture was lasted from 15 -30 min before anesthesia induction to the end of the operation in Group A and B. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac index (CI), cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), and acceleration index (ACI) were recorded before anesthesia induction, immediate before pneumoperitoneum, 5 min after pneumoperitoneum, excision of gallbladder, and at the end of operation. The time consumption from discontinuation to spontaneously breathing recovery, analeptic, and extubation were recorded. The blood samples (3 mL each time) were collected from the peripheral vein before anesthesia induction, 2 h after operation, the 1st day after operation, and the 3rd day after operation to detect the beta-endorphin (beta-EP) level. The visual analogue scale (VAS) were observed and recorded in the 3 groups at post-operative 4, 6, 8, 24, and 44 h, respectively. RESULTS: (1) Compared with before anesthesia induction in the same group, the CI, CO, ACI of all patients decreased significantly at 5 min after pneumoperitoneum and at excision of gallbladder (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The HR, MAP, SVRI obviously increased in Group B and Group C at each time point (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Less change happened in Group A. Compared with Group C, the increment of MAP was less in Group A at 5 min after pneumoperitoneum, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). (2) The time consumption from discontinuation to analeptic and extubation was obviously shorter in Group A than in Group B and Group C (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). (3) The level of beta-EP on the 1st day of operation was significantly lower in Group A than in Group B (P < 0.05) and Group C (P < 0.01). (4) The VAS score at post-operative 44 h was significantly lower in Group A than in Group B and Group C (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Electroacupuncture at acupoints combined general anesthesia could maintain the stabilization of haemodynamics, and relieve the stress reaction after pneumoperitoneum and operation, and prolong it to early post-operative period, and strengthen the effects of post-operative analgesia. The post-operative recovery was fast, safe, and reliable.

In adjuvant-induced arthritic rats, acupuncture analgesic effects are histamine dependent: potential reasons for acupoint preference in clinical practice.

This study investigated whether immediate acupuncture effects in the acupoint are histamine dependent. Both histamine injection and manual acupuncture stimulation increased the pain threshold (PT) after treatment compared with the model group (P < 0.01), producing an analgesic effect. After pretreatment with clemastine, an H1 receptor antagonist and an antipruritic, the increase in the animals' pain threshold after acupuncture was suppressed compared with the Acu group (P < 0.01); however, there was no interference with the acupuncture-induced degranulation of mast cells. Pretreatment with disodium cromolyn did not suppress the increase in PT induced by the histamine injection at Zusanli (ST-36). We conclude that in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats, acupuncture analgesic effects are histamine dependent, and this histamine dependence determines the acupoint preference of acupoints away from the target site in acupuncture practice.

[Effect of different anesthesia methods on immune function in patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in peri-operational period].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the influence of acupuncture combine with general anesthesia (ACGA) and general anesthesia (GA) on immune function in patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in peri-operational period. METHODS: Thirty-nine cases undergoing LC were randomly divided into an ACGA group and a GA group. The ACGA group was treated with electroacupuncture at Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36) and Yanglingquan (GB 34) for 15-30 minutes and subsequently with the general anesthesia followed by continuous electroacupuncture stimulation till the operation finished. The GA group was treated with simple general anesthesia. Changes of T cell subset, tumor necrosis factor-apha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were observed at time points of before anesthesia induction, 2 hours after operation, 1 and 3 days after operation and the occurrence of adverse reaction after operation was recorded. RESULTS: The percentages of CD3+ and CD8+ in both groups at 2 hours after operation were significant lower than that before anesthesia induction (all P < 0.05), and the percentage of CD4+ in the GA group decreased significantly at that time point (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the ACGA group and CD4+/CD8+ increased significantly (P < 0.05). The level of TNF-alpha in the ACGA group decreased significantly at 3 days after operation as compared with that of before anesthesia induction (P < 0.05). There were significantly less cases nauseated after operation in the ACGA group than that in the GA group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture combine with general anesthesia has very little effect on immune function in patients of LC with less adverse reactions.

[Effects of laparoscopic cholecystectomy under different anesthetic methods on T-lymphocyte immune function and postoperative analgesia].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences in the effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) with different anesthetic methods on T-lymphocyte immune function and postoperative analgesia as well as validate the specificity of meridian points. METHODS: Ninety cases of LC were randomized into three groups, named group A (compound general anesthesia group with meridian points involved), group B (compound general anesthesia group with placebo points involved) and group C (general anesthesia group). In group A, electroacupuncture was applied at first for 15 to 30 min to bilateral Hegu (LI 4), Neiguan (PC 6), Zusanli (ST 36), Yanglingquan (GB 34) and Quchi (LI 11). Afterwards, the general anesthesia was conducted and electric stimulation lasted till the end of operation. In group B, the points adopted were the midpoints between the meridians in which the acupoints were selected in group A and the adjacent meridians on the lateral side, at the level of selected meridian points correspondingly. The method and time of electroacupuncture were same as those in group A. In group C, the general anesthesia was adopted simply. The changes of T-lymphocyte subgroup were detected before anesthesia, in 2 h, 1 day and 3 days after operation separately; and the dose of narcotic in operation as well as the dose of analgesia pumper in 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 24 h and 44 h after operation separately. RESULTS: (1) In comparison between the result 2 h after operation and that before operation, the levels of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ in all of three groups were lower than those before operation. Except that the change in CD4+ in group A did not present significant statistical difference as compared with that before operation (P > 0.05), all of the other differences in T-lymphocyte subgroup indicated statistical significance (all P < 0.05). The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in three groups was higher than that before operation, but the difference in group A was significant statistically (P < 0.05). In 3 days after operation, the levels of CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ were all higher than those before operation, indicating significant statistical differences (all P < 0.05) except CD4+/CD8+ in group B (P > 0.05). (2) In group A, during operation, the dose of narcotic reduced apparently (P < 0.05). (3) Separately, in 4, 6 and 8 h after operation, the dose of analgesia pumper reduced significantly in group A (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Compound general anesthesia with meridian points involved can increase pain threshold of human body, reduce the dose of narcotic during operation, alleviate the suppression in body immune regulation due to stress reaction of general anesthesia and operation, prolong the time-effect of postoperative analgesia and explain the specificity of meridian points.

[Influence of acupuncture at acupoints and non-acupoints on the perioperative analgesic effect in patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of general anesthesia, acupuncture at acupoints compound general anesthesia and acupuncture at non-acupoints compound general anesthesia on the perioperative analgesic effect in patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Ninety patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into a general anesthesia group (group A), an acupuncture at acupoints compound general anesthesia group (group B) and an acupuncture at non-acupoints compound general anesthesia group (group C), 30 cases in each group. General anesthesias were all induced by Fentanyl, Propofol and Vecuronium Bromide. The bilateral Hegu (LI 4), Neiguan (PC 6), Zusanli (ST 36) and Yanglingquan (GB 34) were selected in the group B, and the middle points of the line connecting the meridians where every acupoint mentioned above belonged and their lateral neighbor meridians selected in the group C. The dosage of anesthetics, the time of goggle and the time of evulsion cannulation and direction location in all the patients were compared, and the dosage of analgesia pump within 4, 6, 8, 24 and 44 hours and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain were recorded after surgery. RESULTS: The dosage of Fentanyl in the group B was obviously lower than that in both the group A and the group C (both P<0.05), and the dosages of Propofol and Vecuronium Bromide in the group B were obviously lower than those in the group A (P<0.05, P<0.01). The time of goggle, evulsion cannulation and direction location in the group B were significantly shorter than those in the other groups (all P<0.01). After surgery, the dosage of analgesia pump in the group B was significantly fewer than that in the group C within 4 and 6 hours (both P<0.05), and it was significantly fewer than that in the group A within 4, 6, 8 hours (all P<0.05). The scores of VAS of pain at 44th hour after surgery in the group B were obviously lower than those in the other groups (both P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture at acupoints can enhance the anesthetic effect of compound general anesthesia and prolong the analgesia period. Acupuncture at non-points has a certain effect, but their effectiveness is less than that of acupoints. Thus, the acupoint has the specificity and accurate acupoint selection is the key factor affecting analgesia effect.

[Effect of acupuncture--general anesthesia on hemodynamics in perioperative period of patients undergoing cholecystectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acupuncture-general anesthesia on hemodynamics in the perioperative period of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Sixty patients of ASA class I-II scheduled to receive laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to two groups equally, Group A, the control group, and Group B, the compound anesthesia group. The general anesthesia applied on them during operation was induced by combined midazolam, fentanyl, propofol and vecuronium bromide, but for those in Group B, 15 min of electric stimulation at bilateral Neiguan (PC6), Hegu (LI4) and Quchi (LI11) was given with an acupuncture anesthesia apparatus before the drug induction as acupuncture anesthesia induction, then the general anesthesia started and maintained the same as that in Group A. Changes of cardiac function and hemodynamics were monitored using thoracic electrical bio-impedance method at different time points of operation, i.e. the baseline before induction (T0), after induction when loss of consciousness (T1), during intubation (T2), beginning of operation (T3), ending of operation (T4), during extubation (T5) and 10 min after extubation (T6). RESULTS: No significant difference between the two groups was found in operation lasting time and anesthesia maintaining time (P > 0.05). The amount of vecuronium bromide consumed in an unit of time in Group B was significantly lower than that in Group A (P < 0.05). The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), rate pressure product (RPP), cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and blood flow acceleration index (ACI) in Group A at T1 were all significantly lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but became significantly higher at T2 and T5 as compared with those of baseline (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), while no significant change of them was found in Group B. Moreover, MAP, RPP, SVR and ACI were significantly higher in Group A than those in Group B at T2 and T5 (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The acupuncture-general anesthesia shows a bi-directional effect for diminishing the fluctuation of hemodynamics and stabilizing the blood circulation, and also can reduce the consumption of narcotics during operation, so it has an extensive value in clinical practice.

The microtubule plus-end tracking protein EB1 is required for Kv1 voltage-gated K+ channel axonal targeting.

Axonal Kv1 channels regulate action potential propagation-an evolutionarily conserved function important for the control of motor behavior as evidenced from the linkage of human Kv1 channel mutations to myokymia/episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) and the Shaker mutant phenotype in Drosophila. To search for the machinery that mediates axonal targeting of Kv1 channels composed of both alpha and beta subunits, we first demonstrate that Kvbeta2 is responsible for targeting Kv1 channels to the axon. Next, we show that Kvbeta2 axonal targeting depends on its ability to associate with the microtubule (MT) plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) EB1. Not only do Kvbeta2 and EB1 move in unison down the axon, Brefeldin A-sensitive Kv1-containing vesicles can also be found at microtubule ends near the cell membrane. In addition, we found that Kvbeta2 associates with KIF3/kinesin II as well. Indeed, Kv1 channels rely on both KIF3/kinesin II and EB1 for their axonal targeting.

[Effects of different anesthesia methods on the T lymphocyte subsets and hemodynamics of patients with abdominal tumor in peri-operational period].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of different anesthesia Methods on the cellular immune function and mean arterial pressure, heart rate in patients with abdominal tumor in the peri-operational period. METHODS: Patients were anesthetized by general anesthesia (GA), combined acupuncture-general anesthesia (AGA), combined epidural-general anesthesia (EGA), and combined acupuncture-epidural-general anesthesia (AEA), respectively. Changes of T lymphocyte subsets and hemodynamics were observed at different time points before and after treatment. RESULTS: Patients' cellular immune function after GA was lowered, which could be alleviated by combination of GA with acupuncture anesthesia (AA) or with epidural anesthesia. Combined acupuncture-drug anesthesia showed a stabilizing effect on hemodynamics in peri-operational period to some extent. CONCLUSION: EGA and AGA are good anesthesia choice in clinical practice, which would be favorable for early recovery of immune function in patients with abdominal tumor after operation.