Varieties and standards of Corydalis medicinal plants / 中国中药杂志

Through literature research and standard retrieval, Corydalis-derived medicinal materials, the origins, and related standards were summarized. Finally, 27 medicinal materials were screened out, involving 71 species(varieties). Among them, only 11 are recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020), National Standard for Chinese Patent Drugs·Tibetan Medicine, Tibetan Medicine Standards, and other local standards, including Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Corydalis Herba. The names and original plants of the medicinal materials are different in different standards, and the phenomena of "same medicinal material with different names" and "same name for different medicinal materials" are prominent. Most standards only include the traits, microscopic identification, and physico-chemical property identification, with unsound quality criteria. Thus, efforts should be made to strengthen the sorting of Corydalis medicinal plants, herbal textual research, and investigation of the resources and utilization. Moreover, via modern techniques, the chemical components and medicinal material basis of different original plants should be explored and sound quality standards should be established to improve the safety and quality of Corydalis-derived medicinal materials. Summarizing Corydalis medicinal plants, Corydalis-derived medicinal materials, and related standards, this study is expected to provide a reference for the standard formulation, quality evaluation, expansion of drug sources, and rational development and utilization of Corydalis resources.

Preliminary Investigation of Resources and Medicinal Use of Codonopsis canescens / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the resources and medicinal use of Tibetan medicine Codonopsis canescens，analyze its suitable habitat，and protect its wild resources，in order to provide an important reference basis for further rational development and utilization. Method:Combined investigation methods of literature textual research，visiting investigation and on-the-spot investigation were adopted. Result:In this paper，we investigated the resources and medicinal use of C. canescens in 27 cities and counties of Sichuan，Qinghai and Tibet. Compared with historical records of C. canescens，the results showed that there was no obvious change in the distribution range，and the distribution was uneven in different places. Ganzi Prefecture， Sichuan， boasts rich resources； in particular， Luhuo county has as high as 90-120 plants/100 m2， it is estimated that the reserves per unit area of root C. canescens in this area were 3 445.32 g·m-2，which totaled 1 279.18 ton（1 ton=1 000 kg）. In history，the root is the main medicinal part. However， in recent years，in order to protect resources，the aboveground part is frequently used. The clinical efficacy of Tibetan medicine is mainly to tonify Qi and activate blood circulation. It can be combined with other drugs to treat rheumatism，sores，furuncle，carbuncle and other diseases. However，the plants of Codonopsis are mixed with C. canescens in each Tibetan area，and the mixed varieties are determined according to the growing varieties of the same genus in this area. Conclusion:The reserves of wild resources of C. canescens are decreasing with the increase of clinical use and market demand of Tibetan medicine. There is serious mixture of Codonopsis plants in Tibetan areas. It is suggested paying attention to resource protection，carrying out artificial planting，establishing the standard for the medicinal use of Tibetan medicine，and promote rational and sustainable utilization of resources.

Herbal Textual Research on Local Varieties of Codonopsis Radix / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Codonopsis Radix， one of the bulk commodities， has been commonly used for tonification in clinical practice. Apart from the medicinal purpose， it can also be utilized as food. Among the multiple local varieties， the ones called "Luduiduoji" in Tibetan medicine cannot be neglected， which have frequently been adopted for diminishing inflammation and swelling， invigorating spleen and stomach， and tonifying Qi， etc. Considering its complex origins and frequent substitution by or confusion with other medicinal materials， this paper reviewed the Si Bu Yi Dian， Jingzhu Bencao， ministerial and local standards， modern literature on Tibetan medicine， and the results of field investigation in major Tibetan medicine hospitals and medicinal material markets of Sichuan， Qinghai and Tibet to figure out the name， original plants， medicinal parts， effects， and local varieties of Codonopsis Radix in Tibetan medicine. The results showed that the names of local varieties were diverse， many of which were transliterated into Tibetan， with "Luduiduoji" being most well-known. It was derived from 14 species in genus Codonopsis and one in Adenophora of family Campanulaceae， with Codonopsis foetens subsp. nervosa， C. thalictrifolia var. mollis， C. canescens， C. alpina， and C. pilosula being the main species. According to literature records， the roots， aerial parts， and whole plants could all be employed as medicine， but there were certain differences in their clinical applications. At present， in order to protect the medicinal resources， Tibetan medical workers mostly collect the aerial parts， which are applicable to patients with yellow water， rheumatism， Gamba disease， and leprosy. This literature review of local varieties for Codonopsis Radix and textual research on their original plants are of great significance for elevating the standard， accelerating the pharmacodynamic research， expanding the sources and promoting the rational use of Codonopsis Radix.

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Paederiae Herba for Folk Use / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:The chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from Paederia scandens，P. scandens var.tomentosa，P. stenophylla and P. foetida used in folk were identified. And the differences of chemical constituents among the four kinds of ethanol extracts were compared. Method:The chemical constituents of four species of Paederia were qualitatively and rapidly analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The data were analyzed manually and matched through databases to determine the differences among the chemical constituents of four species of Paederia. Result:Twenty-three compounds were identified from four species, including 12 iridoid glycosides，such as paederoside，paederosidic acid，asperuloside，asperulosidic acid，paederosidic acid methyl ester and monotropein.5 quinic acid derivatives, such as 1-O-caffeoylquinic acid，chlorogenic acid，cryptochlorogenic acid,and 5 flavonoid glycosides，such as quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside,quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-xyloside，rutin and simple compoundkinsenoside. Conclusion:Based on the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of the chemical components of four kinds of Paederia，the four peaks with the highest response intensity were paederoside，paederosidic acid，asperuloside and asperulosidic acid，all of which were iridoid glycosides.

Research on contents of anthraquinones,dianthrones and tannins in Rheum tanguticum on PCA and CA / 中国中药杂志

Anthraquinones,dianthrones and tannins are the main active ingredients of Rheum tanguticum. In this study the three components were determined by HPLC,and the results were analyzed by multiple comparisons,principal components analysis(PCA)and correspondence analysis(CA). The results showed that the contents of components in different growing areas and types(wild and cultivated) reached a significant level(P<0. 05). Baiyu county,Xiaojin county and Ruoergai county had obvious advantages in the accumulation of catechin hydrate,rhien and sensenoside A respectively. The principal component was different in two growing type and the wild environment was conducive to combined anthraquinones accumulation. For active components,normalized planting was better than retail cultivating. Therefore,the effect on the accumulation of chemical components in Rh. tangusticum,should be taken into full account in the selection of the cultural base of Rh. tanguticum. The standardized cultivating is superior to retail cultivating in terms of the accumulation of active ingredients,and standardized planting is inferior to the wild.