RESUMO
Parthenolide (PTL) is a natural compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and is an active ingredient extracted from the medicinal plant Tanacetum parthenium. ACT001 is derived from parthenolide and is a fumarate form of dimethylaminomylide (DMAMCL). Its effect is equivalent to that of PTL, but it is more stable in plasma and has lower acquisition costs. Related reports indicate that NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). In our research, we explored whether ACT001 alleviates NLRP3-mediated neuroinï¬ammation in PD mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Our results revealed that ACT001 reduces movement impairment and cognitive deï¬cit in PD mice. In addition, it alleviates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal pathway and inhibits oxidative stress, the inflammatory response and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the midbrain of MPTP-induced PD mice. Moreover, it attenuates microglial activation in the nigrostriatal pathway. Overall, our study showed that ACT001 alleviates NLRP3-mediated neuroinï¬ammation in PD mice induced by MPTP.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamassomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/metabolismo , Sesquiterpenos de Guaiano/farmacologia , 1-Metil-4-Fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetra-Hidropiridina , Animais , Catalase/efeitos dos fármacos , Catalase/metabolismo , Ritmo Circadiano/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/patologia , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Camundongos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/fisiopatologia , Substância Negra/efeitos dos fármacos , Substância Negra/metabolismo , Substância Negra/patologia , Superóxido Dismutase/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismoRESUMO
Sperm cells of seed plants have lost their motility and are transported by the vegetative pollen tube cell for fertilization, but the extent to which they regulate their own transportation is a long-standing debate. Here we show that Arabidopsis lacking two bHLH transcription factors produces pollen without sperm cells. This abnormal pollen mostly behaves like the wild type and demonstrates that sperm cells are dispensable for normal pollen tube development.