A practical and rapid screening method for influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors based on fluorescence detection.

A new analytical method for rapid screening of influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors was established. The method is based on the principle that, given a certain amount of neuraminidase, the sample and the neuraminidase act in the microplate for a period of time, and the active neuraminidase that is not inhibited by the sample can generate a fluorescence value at a specific wavelength after binding to the substrate, and the rate of inhibition of neuraminidase by the sample can be calculated based on the actual detected fluorescence value. This newly developed method was used to screen and evaluate the in vitro anti-neuraminidase activity of 39 high-purity compounds contained in three traditional Chinese herbal medicines, and finally 25 compounds with strong activity were obtained. The newly established neuraminidase inhibitor analytical method has these advantages of practicality, rapidity, high sensitivity and low cost, and has a good value for promotion and application. This article newly establishes a rapid, sensitive, simple and practical screening method for influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors, which is a great complement to the existing methods and has a good promotion and application value.

[The characteristics of core parameters during cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with hypertrophy cardiomyopathy].

Objective: The patients with Hypertrophic CardioMyopathy (HCM), characterized by hypertrophy of the myocardium with a high risk of sudden death, was less clear for the exercise pathophysiology. Under the guidance of holistic integrative physiology and medicine (HIPM), the ramp protocol symptom-limited CardioPulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) is the only method to evaluate the overall functional status of human body. We investigated the CPET pathophysiology in patients with HCM. Methods: From April 2017 to January 2020, 244 subjects were enrolled after signed the informed consent form and completing CPET in Fuwai Hospital. They 219 HCM patients and 25 healthy normal subjects as control (NS). The changes of CPET core parameters between two them were calculated, compared and did Individual analysis. Results: ①The gender of HCM was 163 maleand 56 female. The gender of NS was 11 male and 14 female. The age of HCM was (46.7±12.8, 16.0~71.0) year; NS was (43.7±10.4, 26.0~61.0) year.②The core CPET parameters of HCM: peak oxygen uptake (Peak VO2) was (65.2±13.8, 22.8~103.4) %pred; anaerobic threshold (AT) was (66.4±13.0, 33.7~103.5) %pred; Peak O2 pulse was (84.3±19.0, 90.9~126.0)%pred; oxygen uptake efficiency platform (OUEP) was (99.2±13.4, 69.1~155.5) %pred; Lowest VE/VCO2 was (108.0±13.2, 70.4~154.0)%pred; VE/VCO2 Slope was (108.5±17.9, 66.9~164.9)%pred. Compared with NS, the Peak VO2, AT, Peak O2 pulse, and OUEP were significantly decreased (P<0.01 or P<0.05), but the Lowest VE/VCO2 and VE/VCO2 Slope were significantly increased (P<0.05). For Individual analysis of the overall functional status of CPET, some were very sever but some HCM were still within the normal range.③ The Peak VO2 was positively correlated with AT, OUEP, Peak O2 pulse, and peak systolic blood pressure, but was negative correlated with Lowest VE/VCO2 and VE/VCO2 Slope. Conclusion: CPET is safe and specific characteristics for patients with HCM, which deserve further research and clinical application. Under HIPM guidance, CPET can not only be used for overall functional evaluation, disease diagnosis and differential diagnosis, risk stratification, curative effect evaluation and accurate prognostic prediction, but also be utilized in formulating the individualized training prescription and management of chronic diseases.

[A preliminary report on the variation of respiratory heart rate during sleep in normal subjects and patients with chronic diseases without sleep apnea].

Objective: The new theory of holistic integrative physiology and medicine, which describes the integrative regulation of respiratory, circulatory and metabolic systems in human body, generates the hypothesis of that breath is the origin of variability of circulatory parameters. We investigated the origin of heart rate variability by analyzing relationship between the breath and heart rate variability (HRV) during sleep. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 8 normal subjects (NS) and 10 patients of chronic diseases without sleep apnea (CDs-no-SA). After signed the informed consent form, they performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in Fuwai Hospital and monitored polysomnography (PSG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) during sleep since 2014. We dominantly analyzed the correlation between the respiratory cycle during sleep and the heart rate variability cycle of the ECG R-R interval. The HRV cycle included the HR increase from the lowest to the highest and decrease from the highest to the lowest point. The number of HRV (HRV-n), average HRV time and other parameters were calculated. The breath cycle included complete inhalation and subsequent exhalation. The number of breath (B-n), average breath time and other breath parameters were analyzed and calculated. We analyzed each person's relationship between breath and HRV; and the similarities and differences between the NS and CDs-no-SA groups. Independent sample t test was used for statistical analysis, with P<0.05. Results: CPET core parameter such as Peak VO2 (83.8±8.9)% in NS were significantly higher than that (70.1±14.9)% in patients of chronic diseases without sleep apnea (P<0.05), but there was no difference between their AHI (1.7±1.3) in NS and AHI (2.9±1.2) in CDs-no-SA (P>0.05). The B-n and the HRV-n (6581.63±1411.90 vs 6638.38±1459.46), the average B time and the average HRV time (4.19±0.57)s vs (4.16±0.62)s in NS were similar without significant difference (P>0.05). The comparison of the numbers in CDs-no-SA were the number (7354.50±1443.50 vs 7291.20±1399.31) and the average times ((4.20±0.69)s vs (4.23±0.68)s) of B and HRV were similar without significant difference (P>0.05). The ratios of B-n/HRV-n in NS and CDs-no-SA were (0.993±0.027 vs 1.008±0.024) and both were close to 1 and similar without significant difference (P>0.05). The average magnitude of HRV in NS ((5.74±3.21) bpm) was significantly higher than that in CDs-no-SA ((2.88±1.44) bpm) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regardless of the functional status of NS and CDs-no-SA, there is a similar consistency between B and HRV. The origin of initiating factors of HRV is the respiration.

[Preliminary analysis of the influence of breathing on heart rate variability in chronically ill patients with sleep apnea].

Objective: Based on the hypothesis that respiration causes variability of circulatory indicators proposed by the holistic integrated physiology and medicine theory, the correlation between respiration and heart rate variability during sleep in chronically ill patients with abnormal sleep breathing is analyzed. Methods: Eleven chronically ill patients with abnormal sleep breathing and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15 times/hr are recruited. After signing the informed consent, they completed the standardized symptomatic restrictive extreme exercise cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and sleep breathing monitoring Calculate and analyze the rules of respiratory nasal airflow and ECG RR interval heart rate variability during the oscillatory breathing (OB) phase and the normal steady breathing phase of the patient during sleep, and use the independent sample t test to compare with normal people and no sleep breathing abnormalities in the same period in this laboratory. Of patients with chronic diseases are more similar and different. Results: The peak oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold (AT) of CPET in chronic patients with abnormal sleep apnea were (70.8±13.6)% Pred and (71.2±6.1)% Pred; 5 cases of CPET had exercise induced oscillatory breathing (EIOB), 6 An example is unstable breathing, which indicates that the overall functional status is lower than normal. In this group of patients with chronic diseases, AHI (28.8±10.0) beats/h, the ratio of the total time of abnormal sleep breathing to the total time of sleep (0.38±0.25); the length of the OB cycle (51.1±14.4)s. The ratio (Bn/HRV-B-n) of the number of breathing cycles in the normal and steady breathing period to the number of heart rate variability cycles in this group of patients with chronic diseases is 1.00±0.04, and the CV (SD of HRV-B-M/x) is (0.33 ±0.11), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) did not decrease significantly, the average amplitude of heart rate variability (HRV-B-M) of each respiratory cycle rhythm was (2.64±1.59) bpm, although it was lower than normal people (P<0.05) , But it was similar to chronic patients without sleep apnea (P>0.05). In this group of patients with chronic diseases, the ratio of the number of respiratory cycles to the number of heart rate variability cycles (OB-Bn/OB-HRV-B-n) during OB is (1.22±0.18), and the average amplitude of heart rate variability for each respiratory cycle rhythm in OB (OB -HRV-B-M) is (3.56±1.57)bpm and its variability (OB-CV = SD of OB-HRV-B-M/x) is (0.59±0.28), the average amplitude of heart rate variability in each OB cycle rhythm (OB-HRV-OB-M) is (13.75±4.25)bpm, SpO2 decreases significantly during hypoventilation during OB, and the average decrease in SpO2 during OB (OB-SpO2-OB-M) is (4.79±1.39)%. The OB-Bn/OB-HRV-B-n ratio, OB-HRV-OB-M and OB-SpO2-OB-M in the OB period are all significantly higher than the corresponding indicators in the normal stable breathing period Large (P<0.01). Although OB-HRV-B-M has no statistically significant difference compared with HRV-B-M in normal stable breathing period (P>0.05), its variability OB-CV is significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusion: The heart rate variability of chronic patients with abnormal sleep breathing in the OB phase is greater than that of the normal stable breathing period. When the breathing pattern changes, the heart rate variability also changes significantly. The number of breathing cycles in the stable breathing period is equal to the number of heart rate variability cycles.The ratio is the same as that of normal people and chronically ill patients without sleep apnea, confirming that heart rate variability is respiratory origin; and the reduction of heart rate variability relative to the respiratory cycle during OB is directly caused by hypopnea or apnea at this time, and heart rate variability is also breathing source.

[The new theory CPET guides the overall plan of individualized precision exercise to effectively improve the overall functional status of "frailty"].

Objective: Under the guidance of the new theory of holistic integrated physiology and medicine, the effect of individualized accurate exercise program on the overall functional state was studied according to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Methods: Li xx, female, 31 years old, has a fast heart rate since childhood (90~100 bpm), usually feel cold, especially in autumn and winter, and general health good. CPET was performed after signing the informed consent form at Fuwai Hospital in September 2019. Peak oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold (AT), and peak cardiac output were (69~72)% pred, respectively, and the oxygen uptake ventilation efficiency and carbon dioxide exhaust ventilation efficiency were basically normal (96~100)% pred. The resting heart rate was fast, the blood pressure was low, the blood pressure response was weak during exercise, and the heart rate was mainly increased. The holistic integrated physiology medical theory pointed out that she was in weak health and heart weakness was the main manifestation. CPET was used to guide individualized precise exercise intensity titration, combine continuous beat-by-beat blood pressure, ECG, pulse and blood glucose dynamic monitoring to formulate an holisticplan of individualized quantitative exercise .Reexamine CPET after 8 weeks' strengthening management. Results: After 8 weeks of intensive holistic management, the limbs were warm and the cold symptoms disappeared. Re-examination of CPET peak oxygen uptake, AT and peak cardiac output were (90~98)% pred, which increased by (30~36)% respectively, and the holistic weak functional status was significantly improved; basically normal oxygen uptake ventilation efficiency and carbon dioxide exhaust ventilation efficiency also increased by (10~37)% respectively; resting heart rate and blood pressure basically returned to normal, and blood pressure and heart rate response during exercise were normal. Continuous ambulatory blood glucose monitoring indicated that the average blood glucose level decreased slightly and became more stable. Repeated measurement results of continuous ECG and beat-to-beat blood pressure also indicated a decrease in heart rate and an increase in blood pressure during rest, exercise and during sleep, and radial pulse wave. The amplitude of the dicrotic wave increases and becomes more pronounced. Conclusion: The new theoretical system to guide CPET to formulate an holistic plan for individualized precision exercise can safely and effectively enhance myocardial contractility, increase stroke volume, increase blood pressure, lower heart rate, stabilize and slightly lower blood glucose, and improve holistic functional status.

Puerarin suppresses the hepatic gluconeogenesis via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in diabetic rats and HepG2 cells.

Pueraria, a Chinese herbal medicine, plays an important role in many classic prescriptions for the treatment of diabetes. Puerarin is the main component of pueraria. The current in vivo and in vitro research mainly focus on exploring the potential mechanism of puerarin in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. The type 2 diabetic rats were established by a combination of small dosage of streptozotocin (STZ) injection with high-fat diet. After the administration of puerarin 4 weeks, the parameters of the glucose and lipid metabolism were determined. HepG2 cells were treated by palmitic acid (PA) to induce the insulin resistance in vitro model. After the treatment of puerarin, the glucose consumption and cell viability were examined. Then, the protein expression of PI3K, Akt, pAkt, pFOXO1, FOXO1, PEPCK and G6pase in liver tissue and HepG2 cells were evaluated by western blot. RT-PCR was used to measure the content of PEPCK, G6pase mRNA in liver tissue. The results showed that puerarin administration significantly decrease the level of FBG, HbA1C and triglycerides in diabetic rats. Mechanistic research showed that puerarin activating PI3K/Akt is puerarin-mediated beneficial effects and can be reversed by inhibitor of PI3K or Akt. In conclusion, puerarin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Clinical Observation of Shenxie Zhitong Capsule in Treating Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy of Stagnant Blockade of Collaterals / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of Shenxie Zhitong capsule in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy（DPN） of stagnant blockade of collaterals， and evaluate its effectiveness and safety. Method:The 104 patients were randomly divided into the Shenxie Zhitong capsule treatment group （the treatment group， 53 patients） and the alpha lipoic acid group （control group， 51 patients）， and two groups were compared by random and contrast test. The changes of the Toronto clinical scoring system （TCSS）， utah early neuropathy scores （UENS）， traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）syndrome scores， visual analysis scale （VAS）， ankle brachial index （ABI）， vibrating perception threshold （VPT） before and after treatment were compared between two groups， and the endpoint events， such as foot ulcers， percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）， death and composite endpoint events， related indicators of glucose and lipid metabolism and safety indicators were recorded among patients. Result:Compared with the data before treatment， the scores of TCSS， UENS， and TCM syndromes in two groups were significantly reduced （<italic>P</italic><0.01） after treatment， and VAS and glycosylated haemoglobin A1c （HbA1c） were significantly reduced （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， during follow-up visit， the levels of right ABI，total cholesterol （TC）， and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） in two groups were significantly reduced （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， and high-density lipoprotein （HDL） level was significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. control group in control group， the 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose （2 h PG） and HbA1c levels were significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Compared with control group， the VAS of the treatment group after treatment was significantly reduced （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. After treatment and during follow-up visit， compared with control group， the 2 h PG levels of the right toe in the treatment group were significantly reduced （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in endpoint events and safety indicators between two groups， but the incidence trend of composite endpoint events in the treatment group was lower than that in control group. Conclusion:Shenxie Zhitong capsule has definite clinical curative effect in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy， which is more safe and effective than alpha lipoic acid in improving pain symptoms.

Self-protection against triptolide-induced toxicity in human hepatic cells via Nrf2-ARE-NQO1 pathway.

OBJECTIVE: To find the signaling pathway of triptolide (TP)-induced liver injury and to reveal whether NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays an important role in cellular self-protection. METHODS: The L-02 and HepG2 cells were cultured and treated with various concentrations of TP. The cell viability was observed, and the cell medium was collected for detecting the aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and L-glutathione production (GSH) levels. Nrf2 and its downstream target NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and the binding ability of Nrf2 and antioxidant response element (ARE) were also identified. Meanwhile, shRNA was used to silence Nrf2 in L-02 cells to find out whether Nrf2 plays a protective role. RESULTS: The viability of the L-02 and HepG2 cells treated with TP decreased in a doseand time-dependent manner, and TP (20-80 µg/mL) markedly induced the release of ALT, AST and LDH (P<0.05 or P<0.01), reduced the levels of SOD and GSH (P<0.01), and increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species. Meanwhile, TP augmented the Nrf2 expression in L-02 and HepG2 cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01), induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, increased the Nrf2 ARE binding activity, and increased HO-1 and NQO1 expressions. Nrf2 knockdown revealed a more severe toxic effect of TP (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Human hepatic cells treated with TP induced oxidative stress, and led to cytotoxicity. Self-protection against TP-induced toxicity in human hepatic cells might be via Nrf2-ARE-NQO1 transcriptional pathway.

Effect of astragalus membranaceus on serum free amino acids and chemokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To study and observe the effect of astragalus membranaceus on serum free amino acids and chemokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Lishui Hospital of traditional Chinese medicine from October 2014 to May 2016 were selected as the research object,and 60 patients were divided into control group and observation group with 30 cases in each group,according to the method of random number table,the control group were treated with conventional treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,the observation group were treated with astragalus mongholicus on the basic of control group,then the serum free amino acids and chemokines of two groups before the treatment and at 10th,20th,40th and 60th day after the treatment were respectively detected and compared. Results The serum free amino acids and chemokines of two groups before the treatment were compared, while the serum chemokines of observation group at 10th,20th,40th and 60th day after the treatment were all lower than those of control group,the serum free amino acids glutamic acid,asparagic acid and phenylalanine were all lower than those of control group,leucine,γ-aminobutyric acid, glycine and taurine were all higher than those of control group,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The influence of astragalus mongholicus for the serum free amino acids and chemokines of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is better,so its application in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis is higher.

Exploration of the Medication Regularity of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Obesity Based on Text Mining Techniques / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study aimed at analyzing the medication regularity based on differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for losing weight using text mining technique.All the references over losing weight were retrieved in CNKI,Wangfang Database,VIP Database and Pubmed.The drugs from the references were classified in accordance with drug property,drug flavor,channel tropism and drug efficacy.Frequency and constituent ratio of a single drug in TCM prescriptions for losing weight were put into analysis using chi square test and factor analysis to find out the medication regularity.It was found that the properties of TCM drugs in the prescriptions contained both cold and warm,while the flavors of the drugs involved pungent,sweet and light.The channel tropism of the drugs mainly belonged to spleen meridian,liver meridian,stomach meridian and lung meridian.They were mostly tonic,relieving,blood-activating,qi regulating,inhibiting-damp and antipyretic drugs.Through factor analysis we found that the common formula compatibilities were concluded as:cassia seed,lotus leaf,hawthorn,salvia miltiorrhiza,polygonum cuspidatum and radix polygonum multiflorum;capillary artemisia,epimedium herb,stephania tetrandra and ligusticum wallichii;dried tangerine peel,pinellia ternata and poria cocos;plantain seed,pericarpium arecae and selfheal;paeonia lactiflora,angelica sinensis,scutellaria baicalensis and ligusticum wallichii;poria cocos,cassia twig,atractylodes and glycyrrhiza;immature bitter orange and bark of magnolia;radix bupleuri,lycium chinensis and jujube;Chinese yam and coix seed;and astragalus,pueraria lobata and polygonatum.In conclusion,formula compatibility mainly combined syndrome differentiation with disease differentiation for the treatment of obesity in clinic,using the drugs belonging to liver meridian,spleen meridian,stomach meridian and lung meridian with the flavors of sweet,bitterness or pungent and the nature of both warm and cold.

Analysis on Professor Ding Xueping's Herbal Administration Experiences for Diabetes combined with Hypertension by Using Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to analyze the "disease-syndrome-treatment-medicine" experiences of professor Ding for diabetes combined with hypertension by using "traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) inheritance support system (V2.5)".By analyzing the data,we summarized Professor Ding's academic experiences.Through collecting the standard clinical cases,combined with the software analysis system,the composing principles were analyzed by using data mining methods such as frequency statistics,revised mutual information,association rules analysis,cluster analysis,improvement of mutual information,complex system entropy clustering,unsupervised hierarchical clustering entropy and so on.The analysis results showed that 28 patients with diabetes combined with hypertension of yin-deficiency and yang-hyperactivity syndrome,the characteristics were discovered that the highest-frequency used drugs of Ping Gan Xi Feng were concha haliotidis,concha margaritifera,rhizoma gastrodiae;the highest-frequency used drug combinations were "radices rehmanniae,rhizoma dioscoreae","folium mori,cortex mori","semen cuscutae,rhizoma dioscoreae,radices rehmanniae" and so on.Analyzing the 27 patients with diabetes combined with hypertension "wind and fire evils stir up syndrome,the characteristics were discovered that the highest-frequency used drugs of Ping Gan Xi Feng were concha haliotidis,concha margaritifera.In addition to the most common combinations used in diabetes,there were "rhizoma coptidis,spica prunellae","spica prunellae,folium mori","rhizoma coptidis,radices rehmanniae,cortex lycii","spica prunellae,folium mori,rhizoma coptidis" and so on.It was concluded that the syndrome differentiation and treatment of diabetes combined with hypertension was focused on the etiology and pathogenesis of wind and fire.The main treatment principle was to calm the liver to stop the wind,nourish yin and suppress hyperactive yang.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Cinobufagin on Murine Lymphocytes and Macrophages.

Cinobufagin (CBG), a major bioactive component of the traditional Chinese medicine ChanSu, has been reported to have potent pharmacological activity. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effects of CBG on the activity of immune cells in mice. Peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes from mice were prepared and cultured in RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Concanavalin (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and CBG (0.0125, 0.05, 0.15, or 0.25 µg/mL) were added to the culture medium, and the phagocytic activity of macrophages was detected by MTT assays. Additionally, lymphocyte secretion of interleukin- (IL-)2 and IL-10 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the cell cycle distribution and cell surface markers were detected by flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated that CBG promoted lymphocyte proliferation; this effect was suppressed by combined treatment with ConA or LPS. Moreover, CBG also significantly improved the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio in spleen lymphocytes and increased the percentage of spleen lymphocytes in the S phase. Finally, we found that CBG enhanced the secretion of IL-2 and IL-10 and increased the phagocytosis ability of macrophages. In summary, CBG could enhance activity of immune cells.

Reclassification of obesity and diagnosis of obesity based on individuals′ metabolic status / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Obesity has been widely accepted as a metabolic disease and its occurrence is closely related to the genetics, environment, and inflammation. Up to now, body mass index is still regarded as the standard diagnostic criterion for obesity. It has not been revised for decades and could not meet the needs of clinical diagnosis and demands for specific treatment at present. In 2013, the concept of metabolic obesity was introduced at the American Diabetes Association ( ADA) annual conference, and it was further proposed that obesity should be classified according to the metabolic status and its related complications at the 2014 American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists ( AACE) annual conference. This means that scientists and clinicians have realized that the etiology of obesity may vary with different outcomes, the treatment should be focused on the metabolic regulation, not merely on weight loss. With years of clinical practice and research in obesity, we have observed and treated numerous obese patients, and we have found that obesity has a lot of phenotypes and clinical features which are related to the metabolic status. Based on our clinical findings, combined with the experience of Chinese traditional medicine, we now propose a new clinical classification and diagnosis of obesity based on individuals′ metabolic status, which, we believe, can facilitate clinicians′practice. Based on the metabolic status and skin features of obese patients, obesity is divided into metabolic healthy obesity (‘white obesity’) and metabolic unhealthy obesity. Then, the latter is further divided into three groups including high metabolic obesity (‘red obesity’ ) , low metabolic obesity (‘yellow obesity’ ) , and severe metabolic disorder with inflammation obesity (‘black obesity’ ) . If we also consider to add normal weight metabolic obesity to this classification, there should be five types of obesity to be classified as presented. We wish this proposed classification of obesity can play a valuable role in enabling clinicians to have a better understanding of obesity in relation to its metabolism, and to develop individualized treatment according to the metabolic status of the patient. As a result, we may finally achieve the desired outcomes through making appropriate diagnosis and treatments.

Pathogenesis and preventive treatment for animal disease due to locoweed poisoning.

Locoweeds are perennial herbaceous plants included in Astragalus spp. and Oxytropis spp. that contain the toxic indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine. The livestock that consume locoweed feeding can suffer from a type of toxicity called "locoism." There are aliphatic nitro compounds, selenium, selenium compounds and alkaloids in locoweed. The toxic component in locoweeds has been identified as swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid. Swainsonine inhibits lysosomal α-mannosidase and mannosidase II, resulting in altered oligosaccharide degradation and incomplete glycoprotein processing. As a result, livestock that consume locoweeds exhibit several symptoms, including dispirited behavior, staggering gait, chromatopsia, trembling, ataxia, and cellular vacuolar degeneration of most tissues by pathological observation. Locoism results in significant annual economic losses. Recently, locoweed populations have increased domestically in China and abroad, resulting in an increase in the incidence of poisoning. Therefore, in this paper, we review the current research on locoweed, including on species variation, pathogenesis, damage and poisoning prevention measures.

Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and blueberry extracts supplementation improves spatial memory and regulates hippocampal ERK expression in senescence-accelerated mice / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether the antioxidation and the regulation on the Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases (ERK) signaling pathway are involved in the protective effects of blueberry on central nervous system.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>30 Senescence-accelerated mice prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were divided into three groups and treated with normal diet, blueberry extracts (200 mg/kg•bw/day) and cyaniding-3-O-galactoside (Cy-3-GAL) (50 mg/kg•bw/day) from blueberry for 8 weeks. 10 SAMR1 mice were set as control group. The capacity of spatial memory was assessed by Passive avoidance task and Morris water maze. Histological analyses on hippocampus were completed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and the expression of ERK were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both Cy-3-GAL and blueberry extracts were shown effective functions to relieve cellular injury, improve hippocampal neurons survival and inhibit the pyramidal cell layer damage. Cy-3-GAL and blueberry extracts also increased SOD activity and reduced MDA content in brain tissues and plasma, and increased hippocampal phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) expression in SAMP8 mice. Further more, the passive avoidance task test showed that both the latency time and the number of errors were improved by Cy-3-GAL treatment, and the Morris Water Maze test showed significant decreases of latency were detected by Cy-3-GAL and blueberry extracts treatment on day 4.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Blueberry extracts may reverse the declines of cognitive and behavioral function in the ageing process through several pathways, including enhancing the capacity of antioxidation, altering stress signaling. Cy-3-GAL may be an important active ingredient for these biological effects.</p>

[Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation combined with As(2)O(3) on proliferation of K562 cells and associated mechanism].

This study was aimed to explore the effects of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) alone or combined with As(2)O(3) on proliferation, apoptosis and expression of HIF-1a, VEGF, caspase-3 mRNA of K562 cells, and the molecular mechanism of As(2)O(3) enhancing the anti-leukemic effect of HBO so as to provide a scientific basis for clinical treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. The effects of drugs on proliferation of K562 cells was assayed by MTT method, the apoptosis rate of K562 cells was detected by flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI double staining, the expressions of HIF-1a, VEGF, caspase-3 mRNA of K562 cells were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that as compared with As(2)O(3) alone, HBO combined with As(2)O(3) could increase inhibitory rate of K562 cell proliferation, and enhance apoptotic effect, obviously down-regulate expressions of HIF-1a and VEGF mRNA, up-regulate expression of caspase-3 mRNA. The effect of HBO combined with As(2)O(3) was higher then effect of As(2)O(3) alone, and their effects were synergistic (P < 0.05). It is concluded that HBO combined with As(2)O(3) can increase the expression of caspase 3 mRNA and decrease the expression of HIF-1a and VEGF mRNA, which may be one of molecular mechanisms underlying their synergistic antileukemia efficacy.

Cytoprotective effect of blueberry extracts against oxidative damage of rat hippocampal neurons induced by H2O2 / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the protective effect of blueberry extract (BE, 25% anthocyanins) against oxidative damage in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons induced by H2O2.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat hippocampal neurons were randomly assigned to control group, H2O2 group and BE pretreatment groups, BE at six different doses (0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 40 microg/ml) and then exposed to 50 micromol/L H2O2 for twenty-four hours. To selecte the most fittest concentration of BE by testing viability of neurons and activity of LDH. Then MDA concentration, SOD activity and neuronal apoptosis were(checked) measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Compared with H2O2 group, the hippocampal cell viabilities in the 0.1, 1.0 and 10 microg/ml BE groups were significantly increased from 57.44% to 78.42%, 87.71% and 72.40% separately. The activity of LDH in BE groups at varied concentrations (0.1, 1.0 and 10 microg/ml) was significiantly lower than that in H2O2 group. It was found that 1 microg/ml BE had the furthest protective effect against oxidative damage in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons induced by H2O2. (2) The concentration of MDA and the rate of neuronal apoptosis of BE group (1 microg/ml) were much lower than H2O2 group, while SOD activity was much higher.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Proper dose of BE has remarkable protective effect against oxidative stress in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons induced by H2O2, the mechanism may be related to decreasing the neuronal apoptosis and enhancing the antioxidation of hippocampal neurons.</p>

Observation on therapeutic effect of catgut implantation at acupoints on exercise fatigue and study on the mechanism / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To probe into the therapeutic effect of catgut implantation at acupoint on exercise fatigue and to study on the mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Catgut implantation was given at main points Guanyuan (CV 4), Shen shu (BL 23), Mingmen (GV 4), Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) in 41 players during training for 2 courses. Training-related condition and changes of blood testosterone (T) and hemoglobin (Hb) before and after training were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After treatment, sleeping quality, the mental state at the time of getting out of bed in the morning, appetite, training wish, training stamina, training quality, training attention, etc. in the player significantly improved, and blood T and Hb levels significantly increased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Catgut implantation at acupoints can significantly improve exercise fatigue in the player and the mechanism is possibly related with increase of testosterone and hemoglobin levels.</p>

Observation on efficacy of cimetidine associated with the tuber hyacinth bletilla,rhubarb on 136 patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage / 中国基层医药

Objective To compare the effect of cimetidine associated with bletilla striata,rhubarb on peptic ulcer,cushingulcer,acute erosive gastritis,bleeding of esophagus and gastric funds varicosis of cirrhotic portal hyper- tension and gastri cancer.Methods 136 patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were randomly divided into 2 groups.The treated group(n=69)was given cimitidine associated with bletilla striata,rhubarb and the control group(n=67)was given cimitidine only.The effects of hemostasis in 2 groups were observed.Results The effect of hemostasis in the treated group was better than that in the control group on peptic ulcer,cushingulcer,acute ero- sive gastritis and gastric cancer(P＜0.05).There were no difference between 2 groups about bleeding of esophagus and gastric funds varicosis of cirrhotic portal hypertension(P＞0.05).Conclusion The effect of hemostasis on up- per gastrointestinal hemorrhage treated by integrated traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine might achieve better on cushingulcer,acute erosive gastritis,peptic ulcer and gastri cancer.It has less adverse effect and more safety.

Study on extracting purified active components of Picria fel-terrae, Scutellaria baicalensis and Phellodendron chinense with macroporous resins / 中草药

Object To study the application of macroporous resins to the purified active components of Picria fel-terrae Lour., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and Phellodendron chinense Schneid. Methods With the purified active components of Chinese materia medica (CMM) as a standard, we selected the suitable macroporous resins and studied the optimum technological parameters of the adsorption and elution. Results The suitable three types of macroporous resins which were used to the purified active components of CMM were HPD500 for P. fel-terrae., HPD300 for S. baicalensis, and HPD100 for P. chinense. In the absorption course, when the ratios between the medicinal materials amount and the volume of macroporous resins were 1.5 for P. fel-terrae, 0.5 for S. baicalensis and 1 for P. chinense, the purified active components of CMM appeared leaking, and were no more absorbed when the ratios were 11 for P. fel-terrae, 2 for S. baicalensis and 4.75 for P. chinense. In the elution course, the optimum alcohol concentrations were 50% for P. fel-terrae, 30% for S. baicalensis and 50% for P. chinense. Conclusion It is obviously different to refine the active components of CMM, while using the diverse types of macroporous resins.