RESUMO
Sleep and wake in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are often fragmented as manifested by bouts of wakefulness at night and napping during the day. Management of sleep disturbances in AD is important because of their negative impact on both patients and caregivers. Pharmacological treatments, mainly sedative-hypnotics and antipsychotics, are often used but can be associated with significant adverse effects. Non-pharmacological treatments represent a beneficial alternative approach to the management of sleep disturbances in AD since they are associated with fewer adverse effects and their efficacy can be sustained after treatment has been completed. The aim of this article is to review non-pharmacological treatments, such as sleep hygiene, sleep restriction therapy (SRT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), light therapy, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), for the management of sleep/wake disturbances in AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/terapia , Actigrafia , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas , Humanos , Higiene , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Melatonina/uso terapêutico , Fototerapia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/complicações , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/diagnósticoRESUMO
One hundred and twenty-nine patients with NPC treated at the Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital and Keio University Hospital from 1980 through 1993 were selected for this study. Forty-four patients received cisplatin (CDDP)- or carboplatin-based chemotherapy, and 58 patients received adriamycin (ADM)- and/or 5-FU-based chemotherapy. The remaining 27 patients were treated with radiotherapy alone. The median radiation dose to the nasopharyngeal region was 64 Gy, and to the initially involved cervical node, 60 Gy. The 5 year survival rates for the CDDP, the ADM/5-FU and the radiation alone groups were 61%, 47% and 42%, respectively. The cumulative incidences of local control in the CDDP, the ADM/5-FU and the radiation alone groups were 77%, 49% and 53% respectively. The CDDP group achieved the significantly better local control (CDDP vs ADM: p=0.001). The overall incidence of distant metastases was 54% in the CDDP group. On the other hand, it was 24% in the ADM/5-FU group and 22% in the radiation alone group (CDDP vs ADM: p=0.048). While the locoregional control rate was significantly better in the CDDP given group, more distant metastases were seen in this group.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/radioterapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carboplatina/administração & dosagem , Carboplatina/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Cisplatino/administração & dosagem , Cisplatino/uso terapêutico , Terapia Combinada , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Fluoruracila/administração & dosagem , Fluoruracila/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/patologia , Metástase Neoplásica , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Recidiva , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The primary structure of squid retinal-binding protein (RALBP) was determined by cDNA and protein sequencing. Squid RALBP contains 342 amino acid residues in a single N-terminal-blocked chain with a molecular weight of 39,111. The N alpha-blocking group was identified as an acetyl moiety by mass spectrometry. The amino acid sequence revealed that the protein is highly hydrophilic and acidic, but it has several hydrophobic regions that are located mainly in the middle part of the polypeptide chain. It is also predicted that these hydrophobic regions form beta-sheet structures. The primary structure of RALBP is, however, quite distinct from those of other retinoid-binding proteins, showing that squid RALBP is a novel hydrophobic ligand-binding protein that functions in intracellular retinoid transport. Using the cloned cDNA, squid RALBP was expressed in vitro. By carrying out the translation at 20 degrees C in reticulocyte lysates, the protein having retinol binding activity was produced.