Produção e comercialização do guaco (Mikania laevigata Schultz Bip. ex Baker) na região Sul do Estado do Paraná / Production and commercialization of guaco (Mikania laevigata Schultz Bip. ex Baker) in the south of Paraná State

Resumo O Estado do Paraná destaca-se pela tradição no cultivo de plantas medicinais. O aumento em sua demanda através da busca de culturas alternativas e rentáveis e o estímulo a uma agricultura ecologicamente sustentável fomentou os agricultores a diversificarem a produção. A pesquisa de campo nos diferentes elos da cadeia produtiva do guaco permitiu construir seu fluxograma, caracterizar o sistema e fluxo de produção, os seus custos e receitas para analisar as Margens e Markups de comercialização. Os sistemas de coleta com enriquecimento e de cultivo apresentaram resultados diferenciados em relação ao seu custo de produção, onde o produtor/coletor alcança uma rentabilidade de 48,9 %, menor margem de comercialização entre todos os elos da cadeia, enquanto o produtor que cultiva o guaco como exploração obtém uma margem de comercialização de 346,4 %. As maiores margens de comercialização (1.733,3 %) estão nos elos fora da porteira das propriedades, percentual entre diferença de preço pago pelo consumidor e o preço recebido pelo produtor/coletor. Os produtores/coletores podem agregar mais renda em vários elos da cadeia produtiva através da organização dos produtores e a melhoria no processo produtivo, possibilitando a melhoria econômica e social nas propriedades familiares, reduzindo o impacto ambiental e garantindo a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção.

Abstract The State of Parana stands out for its tradition in the medicinal plants cultivation. The increase of the demand due to the search of alternative and profitable crops and the impulse to an environmentally sustainable agriculture encouraged farmers to diversify production. The field research about the different links of the guaco supply chain allowed the construction of its flowchart, the characterization of the production system and flow, as well as the knowledge of its costs and revenues in order to analyze the commercialization margins and markups. The collection systems with enrichment and the cultivation ones presented different results in relation to its production cost, with the producer/collector reaching a yield of 48.9%, the lowest commercialization margin among all links of the chain, while the farmer who cultivates guaco gets a commercialization margin of 346.4%. The largest commercialization margins (1,733.3%) are in the links outside the properties" gates, as the percentage difference between the price paid by the consumer and the one received by the producer/collector. Producers/collectors can add more income in several links of the supply chain through the producers" organization and by improvements in the production process, enabling the economic and social enhancement at the family farms, thus reducing the environmental impact and ensuring the sustainability of production systems.

Effects of nisoldipine in silent myocardial ischemia after healing of acute myocardial infarction.

Silent myocardial ischemia occurring after acute myocardial infarction is classified as Cohn type II and has a frequency of 20-30% in all patients with acute myocardial infarction. Follow-up data of patients with either silent or anginal ischemia show a poor prognosis. Thus, all ischemic episodes occurring after myocardial infarction should be treated aggressively. Many multicenter studies have evaluated whether drug treatment can improve prognosis or protect from a nonfatal second attack. Calcium antagonists, especially those that increase heart rate, have not been considered as drugs of choice for this purpose, despite the many beneficial effects shown on myocardial tissue in experimental studies. In the study reported here, the effect of nisoldipine on postinfarction silent myocardial ischemia was evaluated by ambulatory left ventricular function monitoring. Ten patients were selected for study who showed silent myocardial ischemia after their first acute infarction. Blood pressure fell significantly (p < 0.05) after 4 weeks of treatment with nisoldipine (5-10 mg/day), but heart rate showed no change at rest. Exercise time improved (p < 0.05), with increased peak double products. During exercise, there was no significant change in end-diastolic volume but there was a marked improvement in end-systolic volume, and at the submaximal point the ejection fraction was significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Ejection fraction at rest also improved. The deterioration in ejection fraction due to dipyridamole was ameliorated by nisoldipine. Ejection fraction and blood pressure improved during the calculation test, and work performance also improved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)