Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used by the local Gamo people in Boreda Abaya District, Gamo Zone, southern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Medicinal plants have been used for centuries and are still relied upon by over 80% of the Ethiopian population. The people of Gamo, southern Ethiopia, have a rich cultural and traditional lifestyle with a long history of using plant resources for various uses including traditional herbal medicine. However, their traditional knowledge of traditional medicinal plants in Boreda Abaya District has not been explored Ethnobotanically yet, despite preserving diverse indigenous traditional medicinal plants. Hence, the study aimed to document and analyze traditional medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge and practices used by local people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative ethnobotanical data were collected via semi-structured interviews, face-to-face conversations, group discussions, and guided field trips between September 2022 and February 2023. In total, 92 informants participated, of which 25 were key informants. Quantitative data indices (informant consensus factor-ICF-and use report-Ur) were computed by MS Excel spreadsheet software. Scientific names of medicinal plants were checked via World Flora Online. RESULTS: In the present study, we recorded 188 traditional medicinal plant species belonging to 163 genera and 73 plant families. Lamiaceae (16 species), Asteraceae (16 species), Fabaceae (11 species), and Euphorbiaceae (8 species) contributed highest number of species and were found to be predominant family in the area. Leaves and seeds were most frequently used plant parts, and pounding (46%) was the main method to prepare remedies. The sudden sickness disease category scored the highest consensus (ICF: 0.35), followed by blood and circulatory-related disease categories (ICF: 0.33). The highest number of plant taxa (61 species) used to treat dermal disease has a 71-use report score, while fewer plant taxa (21 species) were utilized to treat genitourinary system-related disease category, having 25 use reports. Ocimum lamiifolium (Ur:56) and Moringa stenopetala (Ur:51) are widely used species and received highest use report value. CONCLUSION: Gamo people possess extensive traditional knowledge of ethnomedicine. The region's vegetation hosts diverse medicinal species, but deforestation, agriculture, and droughts threaten them. Local conservation practices require scientific support, prioritizing species having higher use reports (Ur), and in-depth investigations of promising species for drug development are essential.

The genus Balanophora J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. - Its use in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, and pharmacology: A review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Natural products, particularly medicinal plants, have been utilized in traditional medicine for millennia to treat various diseases. The genus Balanophora (Balanophoraceae) consists of 23 accepted species. These species are the most controversial flowering plants, with highly reduced morphologies and are found parasitizing on the roots of their host. They have been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for stomach pain, detumescence, uterine prolapse, wounds, syphilis, gonorrhea, treating injuries from falls, and other conditions. However, there is no review of this genus on its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. AIM: The present narrative review discusses the scientific data supporting the traditional uses of Balanophora species. The available information on its botanical properties, traditional uses, chemical contents, pharmacological activities, and toxicity was summarized to help comprehend current research and offer a foundation for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials used in combining data on the genus Balanophora comprises online sources such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for Chinese-related materials. World Flora online was used in validating the scientific names of this genus while ChemBio Draw Ultra Version 22.2 software was employed in drawing the phytochemical compounds. RESULTS: Nine Balanophora species including B. harlandii, B. japonica, B. polyandra, B. fungosa, B. fungosa subsp. indica, B. laxiflora, B. abbreviata, B. tobiracola, and B. involucrata have been documented as vital sources of traditional medicines in different parts of Asia. A total of 159 secondary metabolites have been isolated and identified from the ten species of this genus comprising tannins, flavonoids, sterols, lignans, chalcones, terpenes, and phenylpropanoids. Among these compounds, tannins, lignans, terpenoids, chalcones and phenolic acids contribute to the pharmacological activities of the species in this genus with several biological activities both in vitro and in vivo such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic activity, cytotoxicity, anti-microbial, melanin synthesis etc. CONCLUSION: This review summarizes the available literature on the traditional uses, pharmacological properties, and phytoconstituents of Balanophora species indicating that they contain fascinating chemical compounds with diverse biological activities. The traditional uses of the species in this genus have been confirmed by scientific data such as antimicrobial, hemostatic effect, gastroprotective activity and others. However, many species in this genus are yet unknown in terms of their botanical uses, chemical composition and biological activities. Thus, more research into the scientific connections between traditional medicinal uses and pharmacological activities, mode of action of the isolated bioactive constituents, and toxicity of other Balanophora species is needed to determine their efficacy and therapeutic potential for safe clinical application.

Protective effect of water extracts of Veronicastrum latifolium (Hemsl.) Yamazaki on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice and its effect on intestinal flora.

Liver fibrosis refers to a reversible event of repair and reconstruction following injury due to various etiologies, and its continuous development will lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Abnormal alterations in intestinal microbiota can hasten the development of hepatic fibrosis and damage. Veronicastrum latifolium (Hemsl.) Yamazaki (VLY) is a classic drug applied extensively for managing acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and ascites in ethnic minority areas of Guizhou Province, China, which possesses broad-spectrum pharmacological activities. In view of the crucial role of intestinal microbiota in the development of liver fibrosis, the present study attempted to investigate the effects of VLY aqueous extract on ameliorating CCl4-elicited liver fibrosis in mice and on intestinal microbiota and to explore its possible mechanism. Phytochemical analysis showed that VLY water extract contained a variety of components, particularly rich in organic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, phenolic acids, nucleotides and their derivatives, carbohydrates and other compounds. VLY water extract remarkably alleviated CCl4-induced liver damage and fibrosis in mice, improved liver histology, and improved liver function abnormalities. VLY water extract also inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells and invasion of intrahepatic inflammatory cells. Additionally, sequencing the 16 s rDNA gene revealed that VLY water extract changed the intestinal microbiota composition in liver fibrotic mice. It elevated the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio and enriched the relative Lactobacillus richness, which is capable of mitigating fibrosis and inflammation in impaired liver. In summary, through modulation of inflammation and intestinal microbiota, VLY water extract can reduce the CCl4-elicited liver fibrosis.

Important Medicinal and Food Taxa (Orders and Families) in Kenya, Based on Three Quantitative Approaches.

Globally, food and medicinal plants have been documented, but their use patterns are poorly understood. Useful plants are non-random subsets of flora, prioritizing certain taxa. This study evaluates orders and families prioritized for medicine and food in Kenya, using three statistical models: Regression, Binomial, and Bayesian approaches. An extensive literature search was conducted to gather information on indigenous flora, medicinal and food plants. Regression residuals, obtained using LlNEST linear regression function, were used to quantify if taxa had unexpectedly high number of useful species relative to the overall proportion in the flora. Bayesian analysis, performed using BETA.INV function, was used to obtain superior and inferior 95% probability credible intervals for the whole flora and for all taxa. To test for the significance of individual taxa departure from the expected number, binomial analysis using BINOMDIST function was performed to obtain p-values for all taxa. The three models identified 14 positive outlier medicinal orders, all with significant values (p < 0.05). Fabales had the highest (66.16) regression residuals, while Sapindales had the highest (1.1605) R-value. Thirty-eight positive outlier medicinal families were identified; 34 were significant outliers (p < 0.05). Rutaceae (1.6808) had the highest R-value, while Fabaceae had the highest regression residuals (63.2). Sixteen positive outlier food orders were recovered; 13 were significant outliers (p < 0.05). Gentianales (45.27) had the highest regression residuals, while Sapindales (2.3654) had the highest R-value. Forty-two positive outlier food families were recovered by the three models; 30 were significant outliers (p < 0.05). Anacardiaceae (5.163) had the highest R-value, while Fabaceae had the highest (28.72) regression residuals. This study presents important medicinal and food taxa in Kenya, and adds useful data for global comparisons.

Role of tea plantations in the maintenance of bird diversity in Anji County, China.

Background: Tea plantations support regional sustainable development and have the potential to support more biodiversity than urban open spaces. Numerous studies have shown the value of low-intensity agroecosystems for preserving biodiversity, however tea plantations have received less attention. The relationship between tea plantations and the diversity of macro-organisms, such as birds, is still not fully understood. Methods: We investigated the bird diversity and vegetation conditions and calculated landscape metrics in 30 tea plantations in Anji County, Zhejiang Province, China. At these 30 sampling sites, we recorded 262 individuals belonging to 37 species, which were classified into two guilds: nature- and urban-dependent birds. We used cluster analysis to group the sampling sites based on the abundance of the birds. Then we evaluated the effects of associated plant diversity in tea plantations and the surrounding landscape composition on these bird guilds using species association computation and a generalized linear model. Results: The results show that the maintenance of bird diversity by tea plantations benefits both nature- and urban-dependent birds. We found that landscape-scale factors surrounding the tea plantations mainly affected the bird richness due to their habitat selection. Landscape agglomeration and habitat quality were the dominant landscape-scale metrics. Patch-scale factors of tea plantations, especially the vegetation structure, had a strong influence on the abundance of the birds. Nature-dependent birds preferred to occur in tea plantations with perennial herbs, while urban-dependent birds were attracted by the general distributed plants, as annual herbs. Therefore, we concluded that tea plantations play an important role as a transitional zone between natural habitats and urban areas, thus reducing the impact of urbanization and maintaining bird diversity in low-quality habitats.

HNRNPA2B1 as a potential therapeutic target for thymic epithelial tumor recurrence: An integrative network analysis.

Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare malignant tumors, and the molecular mechanisms of both primary and recurrent TETs are poorly understood. Here we established comprehensive proteomic signatures of 15 tumors (5 recurrent and 10 non-recurrent) and 15 pair wised tumor adjacent normal tissues. We then proposed an integrative network approach for studying the proteomics data by constructing protein-protein interaction networks based on differentially expressed proteins and a machine learning-based score, followed by network modular analysis, functional enrichment annotation and shortest path inference analysis. Network modular analysis revealed that primary and recurrent TETs shared certain common molecular mechanisms, including a spliceosome module consisting of RNA splicing and RNA processing, but the recurrent TET was specifically related to the ribosome pathway. Applying the shortest path inference to the collected seed gene module identified that the ribonucleoprotein hnRNPA2B1 probably serves as a potential target for recurrent TET therapy. The drug repositioning combined molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the compound ergotamine could potentially act as a repurposing drug to treat recurrent TETs by targeting hnRNPA2B1. Our study demonstrates the value of integrative network analysis to understand proteotype robustness and its relationships with genotype, and provides hits for further research on cancer therapeutics.

A review on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Veronicastrum (Plantaginaceae).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr. (Plantaginaceae) is a multifunctional plant in China and other parts of the continent. It has traditionally been used in the treatment of ascites, edema, blood stasis, pain relief, chronic nephritis injury, fever, cough, headache, arthritis, dysentery, rheumatism, pleural effusion, liver damage, and other disorders. Although research has confirmed that the genus Veronicastrum contain many active compounds, no review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry or pharmacology has been conducted to date. AIM: This review aims to systematically evaluate the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Veronicastrum, discuss its medicinal potential, modern scientific research, and the relationship between them, and put forward some suggestions to promote further development and utilization of Veronicastrum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological data related to the genus Veronicastrum from 1955 to date was compiled by surveying the ethnomedicinal books and published papers, and searching the online databases including Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Science Direct, Web of Science and World Flora Online. RESULTS: Species of the genus Veronicastrum are widely used in folkloric medicine and some of their uses have been confirmed in modern pharmacological activities. A total of 89 chemical constituents have been isolated from the genus Veronicastrum, including flavonoids, carbohydrates, iridoids, terpenoids, phytosterols, phenolic acids, and other constituents. Among the compounds isolated, iridoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids are responsible for the biological activities of this genus with significant pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo. The extracts and compounds isolated from this genus have been reported to contain a wide range of pharmacological activities such as immunosuppressive, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, gastro protective, and antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSION: The genus Veronicastrum is not only a great herbal remedy, but also has numerous bioactive chemicals with potential for new drug discovery. In the literature, phytochemical investigations have been undertaken on five species. Detailed scientific research is still needed to fully understand this genus. Furthermore, its bioactive chemicals' structure-activity connection, in vivo activity, and mechanism of action ought to be investigated further.

Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of pantropical genus Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae): An update.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Plants have been used in various parts of the world to treat various diseases. The genus Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae) is the second largest genus of this family and comprises approximately 225-549 species distributed in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. Plants of this genus are trees and shrubs with various applications in folklore medicine for food, medicine, construction, and other uses. AIM OF THE REVIEW: The goal of this review is to give an updated data on the ethnobotanical applications, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the Zanthoxylum species to investigate their medicinal potential and identify research gaps for future research studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data was obtained through a systematic search of published literature and online databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and Sci-Finder. The botanical names were confirmed using the World Flora Online and chemical structures were drawn using the ChemBio Draw Ultra Version 14.0 Software. RESULTS: The Zanthoxylum species have a wide use in different parts of the continents as a remedy for various diseases such as digestive diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, venereal diseases, respiratory diseases, rheumatism, bacterial diseases, viral, and other diseases. Various parts of the plant comprising fruits, seeds, twigs, leaves, oils, and stems are administered singly or in the form of decoction, infusion, powder, paste, poultice, juice, or mixed with other medicinal plants to cure the disease. More than 400 secondary metabolites have been isolated and characterized in this genus with various biological activities, which comprise alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, lignans, alcohols, fatty acids, amides, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, and hydrocarbons. The crude extracts, fractions, and chemical compounds isolated from the genus have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities both in vivo and in vitro, including; anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-sickling, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, antitumor, and other pharmacological activities. CONCLUSION: This genus has demonstrated an array of phytoconstituents with therapeutic potential. The ethnobotanical uses of this genus have been confirmed in modern pharmacological research. This genus is a potential source for modern drug discovery and health care products. Further and extensive research is therefore required on the safety approval and therapeutic application of the species of this genus as well as clinical trials and pharmacokinetic studies.

Unraveling the mechanism of ethyl acetate extract from Prismatomeris connata Y. Z. Ruan root in treating pulmonary fibrosis: insights from bioinformatics, network pharmacology, and experimental validation.

Introduction: Pulmonary fibrosis is a terminal lung disease characterized by fibroblast proliferation, extracellular matrix accumulation, inflammatory damage, and tissue structure destruction. The pathogenesis of this disease, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), remains unknown. Macrophages play major roles in organ fibrosis diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. The phenotype and polarization of macrophages are closely associated with pulmonary fibrosis. A new direction in research on anti-pulmonary fibrosis is focused on developing drugs that maintain the stability of the pulmonary microenvironment. Methods: We obtained gene sequencing data and clinical information for patients with IPF from the GEO datasets GSE110147, GSE15197, GSE24988, GSE31934, GSE32537, GSE35145, GSE53845, GSE49072, GSE70864, and GSE90010. We performed GO, KEGG enrichment analysis and GSEA analysis, and conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis. In addition, we performed proteomic analysis of mouse lung tissue. To verify the results of bioinformatics analysis and proteomic analysis, mice were induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM), and gavaged for 14 days after modeling. Respiratory function of mice in different groups was measured. Lung tissues were retained for histopathological examination, Western Blot and real-time quantitative PCR, etc. In addition, lipopolysaccharide, interferon-γ and interleukin-4 were used to induce RAW264.7 cells for 12h in vitro to establish macrophage inflammation and polarization model. At the same time, HG2 intervention was given. The phenotype transformation and cytokine secretion of macrophages were investigated by Western Blot, RT-qPCR and flow cytometry, etc. Results: Through bioinformatics analysis and experiments involving bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, we confirmed the importance of macrophage polarization in IPF. The analysis revealed that macrophage polarization in IPF involves a change in the phenotypic spectrum. Furthermore, experiments demonstrated high expression of M2-type macrophage-associated biomarkers and inducible nitric oxide synthase, thus indicating an imbalance in M1/M2 polarization of pulmonary macrophages in mice with pulmonary fibrosis. Discussion: Our investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate extract (HG2) obtained from the roots of Prismatomeris connata Y. Z. Ruan exhibits therapeutic efficacy against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. HG2 modulates macrophage polarization, alterations in the TGF-ß/Smad pathway, and downstream protein expression in the context of pulmonary fibrosis. On the basis of our findings, we believe that HG2 has potential as a novel traditional Chinese medicine component for treating pulmonary fibrosis.

Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Blechnum-A Narrative Review.

Blechnum L. is a genus belonging to the Blechnaceae family with 236 accepted species that grow in intertropical, subtropical, and southern temperate regions. Several species of the genus have long been used in folk medicines to treat a broad spectrum of ailments, including typhoid, urinary infections, influenza, wounds, pulmonary complaints, blisters, boils, and antihelmintic-related complications. So far, about 91 chemical compounds have been isolated from different parts of 20 Blechnum species. Among these metabolites, phenolic compounds, sterols, and fatty acids are the main constituents. Modern pharmacological investigations revealed several isolated compounds and extracts to exhibit exceptional biological properties including the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, insecticidal, antitrematocidal and wound healing. In various tests, both quercetin-7',3',4'-trimethoxy and phytol metabolites showed potential antioxidant and antitrematocidal properties, while ponasterone exhibited insecticidal activity. Despite having a broad range of traditional medicinal benefits and biological properties, understanding the scientific connotations based on the available data is still challenging. This article presents a comprehensive review of the traditional uses, phytochemical compounds, and pharmacological aspects of the Blechnum species.

A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Didymocarpus wall. (Gesneriaceae).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Medicinal plants have been extensively used to treat various illnesses since the dawn of civilization. The genus Didymorcapus Wall. comprises 100 species widely distributed in the tropical regions of Asia, with a few found scattered in Africa and Australia. Species in this genus have long been used in folk medicine to treat various illnesses, including wounds, kidney stones, inflammations, asthma, flu, eczema, dysentery, fractures, colic etc. Some species have applications as weight loss agents, laxatives, and protective medication after childbirth. AIM: To provide comprehensive information on the current knowledge of the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical compounds, pharmacological applications, and toxicology of genus Didymocarpus to reveal its therapeutic potential, offering insights into future research opportunities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were systematically obtained from books and online databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Sci Finder, Google Scholar, Science direct, ACS Publications, Elsevier, Wiley Online Library. RESULTS: Seventeen Didymocarpus species have applications in traditional medicine in different Asian countries. A total of 166 compounds have been isolated from the genus Didymocarpus including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, chalcones, steroids, and others. Among these constituents, terpenoids, flavonoids, chalcones, and phenolics are the significant contributors to pharmacological activities of the genus Didymocarpus, possessing wide-reaching biological activities both in vivo and in vitro. The crude extracts and isolated phytochemical compounds from this genus have been shown to exhibit various pharmacological activities, including antiurolithiatic, nephro-protective, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, wound healing, and antioxidant activities. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional uses and scientific evaluation of Didymocarpus indicate that Didymocarpus pedicellata is one of the most widely used species in some parts of the world. Although substantial progress on the chemical and pharmacological properties of Didymocarpus species has been made, further studies on the pharmacology and toxicology of these species are needed to ensure safety, efficacy, and quality. Also, further research on the structure-activity relationship of some of the isolated phytocompounds may improve their biological potency and scientific exploitation of traditional uses of the Didymocarpus taxa.

Biophysical Insight into the SARS-CoV2 Spike-ACE2 Interaction and Its Modulation by Hepcidin through a Multifaceted Computational Approach.

At the center of the SARS-CoV2 infection, the spike protein and its interaction with the human receptor ACE2 play a central role in the molecular machinery of SARS-CoV2 infection of human cells. Vaccine therapies are a valuable barrier to the worst effects of the virus and to its diffusion, but the need of purposed drugs is emerging as a core target of the fight against COVID19. In this respect, the repurposing of drugs has already led to discovery of drugs thought to reduce the effects of the cytokine storm, but still a drug targeting the spike protein, in the infection stage, is missing. In this work, we present a multifaceted computational approach strongly grounded on a biophysical modeling of biological systems, so to disclose the interaction of the SARS-CoV2 spike protein with ACE2 with a special focus to an allosteric regulation of the spike-ACE2 interaction. Our approach includes the following methodologies: Protein Contact Networks and Network Clustering, Targeted Molecular Dynamics, Elastic Network Modeling, Perturbation Response Scanning, and a computational analysis of energy flow and SEPAS as a protein-softness and monomer-based affinity predictor. We applied this approach to free (closed and open) states of spike protein and spike-ACE2 complexes. Eventually, we analyzed the interactions of free and bound forms of spike with hepcidin (HPC), the major hormone in iron regulation, recently addressed as a central player in the COVID19 pathogenesis, with a special emphasis to the most severe outcomes. Our results demonstrate that, compared with closed and open states, the spike protein in the ACE2-bound state shows higher allosteric potential. The correspondence between hinge sites and the Allosteric Modulation Region (AMR) in the S-ACE complex suggests a molecular basis for hepcidin involvement in COVID19 pathogenesis. We verify the importance of AMR in different states of spike and then study its interactions with HPC and the consequence of the HPC-AMR interaction on spike dynamics and its affinity for ACE2. We propose two complementary mechanisms for HPC effects on spike of SARS-CoV-2; (a) HPC acts as a competitive inhibitor when spike is in a preinfection state (open and with no ACE2), (b) the HPC-AMR interaction pushes the spike structure into the safer closed state. These findings need clear molecular in vivo verification beside clinical observations.

Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of the genus Sambucus L. (Viburnaceae).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The genus Sambucus L. (Viburnaceae) consists of about 29 recognized species distributed in all regions of the world except the extremely cold and desert areas. Some species have been used as traditional medicines to treat various disorders such as bone fractures, rheumatism, diabetes, respiratory and pulmonary disorders, skin diseases, inflammatory ailments, diarrhea, and others. However, the currently available data on traditional and pharmacological uses have not been comprehensively reviewed. STUDY AIM: The present review is designed to provide information on the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, toxicity, and the known biological properties of Sambucus, to understand their connotations and provide a scientific basis and gaps for further research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information was obtained from different bibliographic databases, Google Scholar, Springer Link, Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct along with other literature sources such as dissertation before August 2021. The scientific names were validated using The Plant List and World Flora Online websites. RESULTS: Twelve Sambucus species were found to be frequently mentioned in ethnomedical uses recorded in China, Korea, Turkey, Iran, and other countries. Traditionally, they have been used as remedies to numerous health complications among others, bone fractures and rheumatism, diabetes, wounds, inflammatory diseases, diarrhea, menstrual pains, respiratory and pulmonary complaints, skin disorders, headaches, snakebites, and urinary tract infections. To date, only eleven species have been studied for their chemical compounds and a total of 425 bioactive constituents, including phenolic compounds, terpenoids, fatty acids, cyanogenic glycosides, phytosterols, lectins, organic acids, alkaloid, coumarin, anthraquinone, and others have been reported. The crude extracts and the isolated chemical constituents exhibited diverse outstanding pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, analgesic, anti-giardial, immunomodulatory, scolicidal, anti-ulcerogenic, antiradical, bone-protective, anti-glycemic, antiosteoporotic, hypolipidemic, anti-glycation, and wound-healing properties. CONCLUSION: This study summarized and scrutinized the data on traditional uses, pharmacological activities, phytochemicals, and toxicity of Sambucus species, which indicate they have interesting chemical compounds with diverse biological activities. Many traditional uses of some species from this genus have now been confirmed by pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, bone-protective, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. However, the currently available data has several gaps in understanding the traditional uses of all Sambucus species. Thus, we strongly recommend further investigations into the scientific connotations between traditional medicinal uses and pharmacological activities, mode of action of the isolated bioactive constituents, and toxicity of other Sambucus species to unravel their efficacy and therapeutic potential for safe clinical application. The current extensive study avails valuable information on therapeutic use of Sambucus species and paves way for further investigations of other useful species, as well as drug discovery.

Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and conservation of the genus Calanthe R. Br. (Orchidaceae).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The Genus Calanthe (family Orchidaceae) consists of more than 207 species distributed in both tropical and subtropical regions. In traditional medicine, Calanthe species provide remedies against various conditions such as arthritis, rheumatism, traumatic injuries, snake-bites, abdominal discomfort, nose bleeding, common colds, ulcers, chronic coughs, and others. Some species are also used as aphrodisiacs, tonics, and as pain relievers on joints and toothaches. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review provides comprehensive information on the herbal uses, chemical components, pharmacological activities, and conservation of Calanthe, which might be useful in the future development of potent herbal medicines and facilitate the enactment of better conservation strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relevant information was obtained from online databases including SCI-Finder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Springer, IOP Science, and other web sources such as PubChem, The Plant List, and World Flora Online. Books, Ph.D. and MSc dissertations were used for unpublished literature. Information from Chinese literature was obtained from the CNKI database. RESULTS: In total, 19 species of the genus Calanthe have been reported to be used in traditional medicine in different countries of Asia. A total of 265 chemical compounds from different chemical classes including, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds and phenolic derivatives, phenanthrenes, and others, have been identified from Calanthe species. Calanquinone A isolated from C. arisanensis has been reported to exhibit antitumor activity against six malignant cell lines. Other bioactive compounds from Calanthe with pharmacological activity include phenanthrenes, phenanthrenequinones, 6'-O-ß-D-apiofuranosylindican, 4H-Pyran-4one, 2, 3-dihydro-3,5 dihydroxy-6-methyl, and calanthoside. These compounds exhibit valuable biological properties such as hair restoration, anticancer activity, anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective potency, antiplatelet aggregation action, and antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some Calanthe species, including C. ecallosa and C. yuana, are endangered in the IUCN red list. The high risk of extinction is attributed to illegal trade and unsustainable harvesting and utilization. CONCLUSIONS: This review summarizes the herbal uses, chemical components, biological activity, and conservation of Calanthe. The pharmacological studies on this genus are limited; thus, extensive research on the toxicology, pharmaceutical standardization, and mechanism of action of the isolated bioactive compounds are needed. Since some species of Calanthe are listed as endangered, stringent guidelines on trade, collection, and sustainable utilization of medicinal orchids should be set up to facilitate the conservation of these species.

Traditional medicinal uses, pharmacology, phytochemistry, and distribution of the Genus Fagaropsis (Rutaceae).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Genus Fagaropsis belonging to the Rutaceae family, is widely distributed in Africa. The various parts of the species in this genus are used in traditional herbal medicine in different parts of the continent for the treatment of malaria, intestinal disorders, cancer, respiratory diseases, and other ailments. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study provides a comprehensive and updated review on the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Fagaropsis species and highlights possible research gaps for further research opportunities, which will be important in the development of new therapeutic drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data was retrieved using ethnobotanical books, published articles, electronic sources, and scientific databases such as Google Scholar, Plants of the World, The Plant List, Scopus, Wiley, Web of Science, PubMed, Science direct, and Sci-Finder. Various key search words Fagaropsis, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, and ethnobotanical uses were used in the detailed study survey. RESULTS: Fagaropsis species are used traditionally to treat a wide range of infections such as respiratory diseases, cancer, malaria, intestinal diseases, and ethnoveterinary. Phytochemical investigations indicated 18 phytoconstituents that have been isolated as the main compounds in this genus; triterpenoids (limonoids, norhopane, and norneohopane derivatives), alkaloids, and essential oils. Few in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities have been analyzed in this genus. They indicated that the extracts and pure compounds contained anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and insecticidal activities. The phytochemical compounds that may be responsible for these activities are flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. CONCLUSION: The ethnobotanical values, phytochemistry, and pharmacology discussed in this review paper showed that Fagaropsis species contain different compounds possessing a wide range of biological activities, and they have high medicinal value that is significant in treating different types of diseases. Phytochemical analyses have been performed on two species (F. angolensis and F. glabra) in the literature. More scientific research analyses are still required to explore this genus. In addition, the majority of the currently available bioactivity-related analyses were applied to crude extracts. Thus, further research studies are important to reveal the links between ethnobotanical uses and bioactivity in the future.

Screening of Potential Anti-Thrombotic Ingredients from Salvia miltiorrhiza in Zebrafish and by Molecular Docking.

BACKGROUND: Danshen (DS), the dry root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for many years to promote blood circulation and to inhibit thrombosis. However, the active ingredients responsible for the anti-thrombotic effect and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. METHODS: Molecular docking was used to predict the active ingredients in DS and their potential targets by calculating the scores of docking between DS ingredients and thrombosis-related proteins. Then, a chemical-induced zebrafish thrombosis model was applied to confirm their anti-thrombotic effects. RESULT: The molecular docking results indicated that compared to the control ligand, higher docking scores were observed for several compounds in DS, among which salvianolic acid B (SAB), lithospermic acid (LA), rosmarinic acid (MA), and luteolin-7-O-ß-d-glucoside (LG) could attenuate zebrafish caudal vein thrombosis and recover the decrease in heart red blood cells (RBCs) in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that it is possible to screen the potential active components in natural products by combining the molecular docking method and zebrafish in vivo model.

Theoretical Exploring of a Molecular Mechanism for Melanin Inhibitory Activity of Calycosin in Zebrafish.

Tyrosinase is an oxidase that is the rate-limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin in the human body. Overproduction of melanin can lead to a variety of skin disorders. Calycosin is an isoflavone from Astragali Radix, which is a traditional Chinese medicine that exhibits several pharmacological activities including skin whitening. In our study, the inhibitory effect of calycosin on melanin production is confirmed in a zebrafish in vivo model by comparing with hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin, known as tyrosinase inhibitors. Moreover, the inhibitory kinetics of calycosin on tyrosinase and their binding mechanisms are determined using molecular docking techniques, molecular dynamic simulations, and free energy analysis. The results indicate that calycosin has an obvious inhibitory effect on zebrafish pigmentation at the concentration of 7.5 µM, 15 µM, and 30 µM. The IC50 of calycosin is 30.35 µM, which is lower than hydroquinone (37.35 µM), kojic acid (6.51 × 103 µM), and arbutin (3.67 × 104 µM). Furthermore, all the results of molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and free energy analysis suggest that calycosin can directly bind to the active site of tyrosinase with very good binding affinity. The study indicates that the combination of computer molecular modeling and zebrafish in vivo assay would be feasible in confirming the result of the in vitro test and illustrating the target-binding information.

[Abdominal acupoint thread embedding therapy based on "brain-intestinal connection" for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease and its effects on serum levels of APP and Aß1-42].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy of abdominal acupoint thread embedding therapy based on "brain-intestinal connection" combined with donepezil hydrochloride tablets and oral donepezil hydrochloride tablets alone for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and observe its effects on amyloid precursor protein (APP) and ß-amyloid protein1-42 (Aß1-42). METHODS: Sixty patients with AD were randomly divided into an observation group (30 cases, 3 cases dropped off) and a control group (30 cases, 3 cases dropped off). The patients in the control group were treated with donepezil hydrochloride tablets (5 mg per day); based on the treatment in the control group, the patients in the observation group were treated with abdominal acupoint thread embedding therapy at Zhongwan (CV 12), Xiawan (CV 10), Huaroumen (ST 24), Wailing (ST 26), Daheng (SP 15), etc., once every 10 days. Both groups were treated for 2 months. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), activity of daily living scale (ADL), neuropsychiatric inventory questionnaire (NPI) as well as the serum levels of APP and Aß1-42 were observed before and after treatment in the two groups. RESULTS: After treatment, the MMSE scores in the two groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the ADAS-Cog, ADL and NPI scores were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05). After treatment, the MMSE score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the ADAS-Cog, ADL and NPI scores were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the serum levels of APP and Aß1-42 were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the serum levels of APP and Aß1-42 in the observation group was lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The abdominal acupoint thread embedding therapy based on the theory of "brain-intestinal connection" combined with donepezil hydrochloride tablets can improve cognitive function, self-care ability of daily life and mental behavior, and reduce the serum levels of APP and Aß1-42 in patients with mild-to-moderate AD, which have superior clinical effect to donepezil hydrochloride tablets alone.

Effects of iRoot SP on osteogenic differentiation of human stem cells from apical papilla.

BACKGROUND: Research shows that nano-bioceramics can modulate the differentiation of dental stem cells. The novel ready-to-use calcium-silicate-based root-canal sealer iRoot SP is widely used in root filling. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of iRoot SP on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in human stem cells from the apical papilla (hSCAPs). METHODS: hSCAPs were isolated and characterized in vitro, then cultured with various concentrations of iRoot SP extract. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 assay, and scratch-wound-healing assays were performed to evaluate cell-migration capacity. hSCAPs were then cultured in osteogenic medium supplemented with iRoot SP extracts. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay was used to evaluate ALP enzyme levels. Alizarin red staining and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) assays were performed to assess calcified-nodule formation and matrix-calcium accumulation of hSCAPs. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the osteogenic markers OCN, OSX, Runx2, and DSPP were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD-t tests. RESULTS: iRoot SP at low concentrations (2, 0.2, and 0.02 mg/mL) is nontoxic to hSCAPs. iRoot SP at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/mL significantly increases cell-migration capacity. In terms of osteogenic differentiation, 0.2 mg/mL iRoot SP promotes intracellular ALP activity and the formation of mineralized nodules. Moreover, the expression of osteogenic markers at the mRNA and protein levels are upregulated by iRoot SP. CONCLUSION: iRoot SP is an effective filling material for periapical bone regeneration.

[Efficacy and safety of body-insulated acupuncture needle for electrical stimulation at rabbit scia-tic nerve trunk].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of electrical stimulation at the rabbit sciatic nerve trunk with the body-insulated acupuncture needle whose body is painted with insulating material. METHODS: Eighteen male New Zealand rabbits were randomized into the body-insulated acupuncture needle (BIAN), the general acupuncture needle (GAN), and the blank control groups，with 6 rabbits in each group. The rats'sciatic nerve trunks in BIAN and GAN groups were stimulated by electroacupuncture with the body-insulated acupuncture needle (only allowing the uncoated needle handle and tip to conduct electricity) and the general acupuncture needle, separately. The current intensity was recorded when regular plantarflexion reflexes (sciatic nerve effector reflexes) were observed in the rabbit's foot. The pathological changes of the sciatic nerve at the acupuncture site were observed by H.E. staining, and the ultrastructural changes of the sciatic nerve trunk were observed by transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: The intensity of the current causing the regular plantar flexion reflection in BIAN group (ï¼»0.29±0.07ï¼½ mA) was significantly lower than that in the GAN group(ï¼»0.86±0.08ï¼½ mA, P<0.01). H.E. staining revealed nerve axon degeneration, forming eosinophilic bodies, nerve fiber edema, and focal loss of myelin sheath in the GAN group. While the nerve fiber damage was not obvious, and axons were only degenerated in a few areas in the BIAN group. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed that the nerve myelin sheath structure was separated, the layers were arranged disorderly and bubbled in the GAN group. while the nerve myelin sheath structure of the BIAN group was normal, and it presents a concentric circle-like light and dark lamellar structure, with fewer myelin vacuoles and fissures, only a small part of the mitochondria, microfilaments, and microtubules of the nerve axons were abnormal, and the overall vacuole-like degeneration was significantly reduced, with few of the myelinated fibers were slightly degenerated, and axonal disease was not obvious. CONCLUSION: Insulated acupuncture needle is more accurate and safer than ordinary acupuncture needle for electrical stimulation of rabbit sciatic nerve trunk, and the required electric current intensity is smaller.