No causal association between serum vitamin D levels and diabetes retinopathy: A Mendelian randomization analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes, and it is the main cause of global vision loss. The current observational research results show that the causal relationship between Vitamin D and DR is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted a Mendelian randomization study to determine the potential causal relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D and DR. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we selected aggregated data on serum 25(OH)D levels (GWAS ID: ebi-a-GCST90000615) and DR (GWAS ID: finn-b-DM_RETINOPATHY) from a large-scale GWAS database. Then use MR analysis to evaluate the possible causal relationship between them. We mainly use inverse variance weighted (IVW), supplemented by MR Egger and weighted median methods. Sensitivity analysis is also used to ensure the stability of the results, such as Cochran's Q-test, MR-PRESSO, MR-Egger interception test, and retention method. The MR analysis results showed that there was no significant causal relationship between 25(OH)D and DR (OR = 1.0128, 95%CI=(0.9593,1.0693), P = 0.6447); Similarly, there was no significant causal relationship between DR and serum 25 (OH) D levels (OR = 0.9900, 95% CI=(0.9758,1.0045), P = 0.1771). CONCLUSION: Our study found no significant causal relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and DR, and vice versa. A larger sample size randomized controlled trial is needed to further reveal its potential causal relationship.

[Quality evaluation methods and quality transfer law of Mori Cortex, fried Mori Cortex and its standard decoction].

This study aims to establish a method for the component content determination and fingerprint evaluation of Mori Cortex, fried Mori Cortex and its standard decoction, and to reveal the quality transfer law among the three based on transfer rate, extraction rate, and fingerprint similarity.Fifteen representative batches of Mori Cortex decoction pieces were collected to prepare fried Mori Cortex and its standard decoction.UPLC-PDA was employed to establish the content determination method and fingerprint.The established UPLC method and fingerprint could be applied to the detection of Mori Cortex, fried Mori Cortex and its standard decoction.The UPLC fingerprints of the 15 batches of Mori Cortex and fried Mori Cortex had good similarity(>0.9) and the same common peaks.However, only one characteristic peak(mulberroside A) could be observed in the fingerprint of fried Mori Cortex standard decoction, which indicated that the corresponding components of other common peaks in the fingerprint of Mori Cortex had low content in the water extract.The extraction rates of mulberroside A from Mori Cortex, fried Mori Cortex and its standard decoction were 1.49%-2.00%, 1.62%-2.27% and 0.75%-1.29%, respectively.Mulberroside A showed the transfer rate of 103.7%-116.3% from Mori Cortex to fried Mori Cortex and 45.7%-56.9% from fried Mori Cortex to its standard decoction.The extraction rates of the 15 batches of fried Mori Cortex standard decoctions were 14.7%-19.5%.All the above indicators were within±30% of the mean value.This study established a method for the determination of mulberroside A content and fingerprint of Mori Cortex, fried Mori Cortex and its standard decoction, and clarified the quality transfer law among the three.It established the method for quality evaluation of Mori Cortex and fried Mori Cortex and can provide reference for the whole-process quality control in the preparation of the agents containing fried Mori Cortex.