Effect of NaFeEDTA-Fortified Soy Sauce on Anemia Prevalence in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA)-fortified soy sauce on anemia prevalence in the Chinese population. METHODS: A systematic review was performed to identify potential studies by searching the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, WHO Library, HighWire, CNKI, and other sources. The selection criteria included randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce with that of non-fortified soy sauce. Anemia rates and hemoglobin levels were the outcomes of interest. Inclusion decisions, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria for anemia rate analysis, of which 12 studies met the inclusion criteria for hemoglobin analysis. All included studies assessed the effect of NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce on anemia rates and hemoglobin concentrations. RESULTS: After the intervention, the hemoglobin concentration increased and anemia rates decreased significantly as compared with the non-fortified soy sauce groups. For anemia rates, data from 16 studies could be pooled, and the pooled estimate odds ratio was 0.25 (95% CI 0.19-0.35). For hemoglobin concentrations, data from 12 studies could be pooled, and the pooled weighted mean difference was 8.81 g/L (95% CI 5.96-11.67). CONCLUSION: NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce has a positive effect on anemia control and prevention in the at-risk population.

Efficacy of different iron fortificants in wheat flour in controlling iron deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the different impacts of electrolytic iron, FeSO4, and NaFeEDTA on body iron store of anemic school students. METHODS: Four hundreds anemic students at the age of 11-18 years were divided into four groups. Of which, three consumed different iron fortificants from wheat flour as food vehicle for six months and one consumed non-fortified flour (control). The fortification level of electrolytic iron, FeSO4, and NaFeEDTA was 60 mg Fe/kg, 30 mg Fe/kg, and 20 mg Fe/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months and hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), and transferrin receptor (TfR) were measured. RESULTS: The hemoglobin levels in three intervention groups increased, the increments of Hb in the NaFeEDTA group were significantly higher than that in the other groups. SF and TfR levels increased in the tested groups and body iron store in the NaFeEDTA group was higher than that in the other groups. These parameters did not show any significant changes in the control group. CONCLUSION: NaFeEDTA and FeSO4 fortified wheat flour has positive impacts on iron status in anemic students and NaFeEDTA is more effective than FeSO4, while electrolytic iron is less effective in improving iron store in anemic students.

NaFeEDTA fortified soy sauce showed higher iron absorption rate in Chinese females.

OBJECTIVE: NaFeEDTA was considered as a promising iron fortificant for controlling iron deficiency anemia. Soy sauce is a suitable food carrier for iron fortification and is a popular condiment in China. Iron absorption rates of NaFeEDTA and FeSO4 were observed and compared in adult female subjects. METHODS: The stable isotope tracer method was used in Chinese females consuming a typical Chinese diet. Ten healthy young Chinese women were selected as subjects in the 15-day study. A plant-based diet was used based on the dietary pattern of adult women in the 1992 National Nutrition Survey. Six milligram of 54Fe in 54FeSO4 soy sauce and 3 mg 58Fe in Na58FeEDTA soy sauce were given to the same subjects in two days. Food samples and fecal samples were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Iron absorption rates of NaFeEDTA and FeSO4 were 10.51% +/- 2.83 and 4.73% +/- 2.15 respectively. The 58Fe (NaFeEDTA) absorption was significantly higher than that of 54Fe (FeSO4) (P < 0.01). The iron absorption rate from NaFeEDTA was 1.2 times higher than that from FeSO4 in Chinese adult women consuming a typical Chinese diet. CONCLUSION: The higher absorption rate of NaFeEDTA suggested that NaFeEDTA would be a better iron fortificant used in soy sauce for the controlling of iron deficiency anemia in China.

[Capillary zone electrophoretic determination of NaFeEDTA in iron fortified soy sauce].

OBJECTIVE: An analytical method for separation and determination of sodium iron (III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) in iron fortified soy sauce by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been developed. METHODS: The electrolyte, which contains 30 mmol/L citric acid, 20 mmol/L Tris, 0.15 mmol/L CTAB and 0.05 mmol/L SDS, was used to improve the peak shape and reduce the retention time at the voltage of - 25.0 kV. The sample can be determined at UV 254 nm after diluted. RESULTS: In this method, which enjoyed a wide linear range and good precision, the RSD (n = 6) was 2.15%, the average recoveries for samples ranged from 94.3% - 101.2% and the detection limit of the NaFeEDTA in iron fortified soy sauce is 4 microg/ml (S/N = 3). CONCLUSION: The results of application of different kinds of soy sauce showed that the method was direct, accurate, fast and simple.