RESUMO
Background: The protective effects of electroacupuncture (EA) preconditioning against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) have been reported. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recent research has indicated that the dynamic inflammatory response following MIRI plays an essential role in the progression of myocardial injury. This study aimed to investigate the myocardial protective effects of EA preconditioning on MIRI in rats and to explore the relevant mechanism from the perspective of dynamic inflammatory response. Methods: A MIRI model was employed, and the rats were subjected to EA on Neiguan for four days prior to modeling. The myocardial protective effect of EA preconditioning was evaluated by echocardiography, Evans blue and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, hematoxylin & eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry were utilized to detect the content of mitochondrial DNA, NOD receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, neutrophil recruitment and macrophage infiltration in blood samples and myocardium below the ligation. Results: We found that EA preconditioning could accelerate the recovery of left ventricle function after MIRI and reduce the myocardial infarction area, thereby protecting the myocardium against MIRI. Furthermore, EA preconditioning was observed to ameliorate mitochondrial impairment, reduce the level of plasma mitochondrial DNA, modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation, attenuate neutrophil infiltration, and promote the polarization of M1 macrophages towards M2 macrophages in the myocardium after MIRI. Conclusion: EA preconditioning could reduce plasma mtDNA, suppress overactivation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, facilitate the transition from the acute pro-inflammatory phase to the anti-inflammatory reparative phase after MIRI, and ultimately confer cardioprotective benefits.
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Animal medicine injection is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injections. All or part of animals with a significant curative effect and little side reactions as raw materials as well as modern technology are used to produce traditional Chinese medicine injections with a reliable and rapid drug efficacy and high bioavailability. Due to the complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine injections, imperfect quality standards, and unreasonable clinical use, the incidence of adverse reactions of traditional Chinese medicine injections has been significantly higher than that of traditional Chinese medicine for oral use. Animal medicine injections contain rich protein and fat, and heteroproteins are the main sensitization source in animal medicine injections. At present, the adverse reactions of animal medicine injections are mainly manifested in the anaphylaxis-like reactions at skin, mucous membranes and organ systems. The adverse reactions that occur during the first medication are more common. Specific causes for allergic-like adverse reactions in animal injections and related substances in traditional Chinese medicine injections made of animals that induce allergies or anaphylactoid reactions are currently not specifically reported. This article reviews the current adverse reactions of animal TCM injections, allergies and pseudoallergic reactions of animal TCM injections, the pharmacokinetics of animal TCM injections, and the combined use of drugs, in order to improve the quality standards of Chinese medicine injections for animals and provide reference for further safety related research.
Assuntos
Anafilaxia , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Administração Oral , Animais , Injeções , TecnologiaRESUMO
Animal traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of application in China, and its clinical application is very extensive. Due to the complex chemical composition in animal traditional Chinese medicine, the basis of chemical research is relatively weak, which leads to the unclear composition and toxic components of many animal Chinese medicines. The relationship between the medicinal and toxic components of animal Chinese medicine has not yet been elucidated. The non-clinical safety evaluation of animal traditional Chinese medicine mainly includes acute toxicity, long-term toxicity, safety pharmacology, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity experiments, and experimental studies such as carcinogenicity are needed when necessary. The current preclinical safety research on animal traditional Chinese medicine is mainly based on the study for toxic animal traditional Chinese medicines. Most animal Chinese medicines have not carried out systematic preclinical and clinical safety studies. The research method is mainly focused on acute toxicity test. It is necessary to carry out systematic preclinical safety studies on animal traditional Chinese medicines, to clarify the possible side effects and its characteristics, its toxic target organs, toxic doses and poisoning mechanisms induced by different animal traditional Chinese medicines. Finally, this paper suggests that in the preclinical safety study of animal traditional Chinese medicine, in-depth research and comparison should be carried out in combination with chemical substance foundation, origin, and collection season, and the safety of "non-toxic" animal traditional Chinese medicine should be carried out when necessary. In addition, it is necessary to rationally use the cutting-edge technologies and methods of toxicology research to fully clarify the preclinical safety information of animal Chinese medicines.