Wogonin attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis by inhibiting Akt/NF-κB pathway and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

Mastitis is a disease involved in inflammation of breast which affects human and animals. Wogonin is one bioactive compound from many Chinese herbal medicines, which have multiple properties, including anti-inflammatory activity. However, the roles of wogonin in mastitis progression are largely undefined. Mastitis models were established using LPS-treated mice and mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Infiltration of inflammatory cells was analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1ß) levels were detected via ELISA. The phosphorylation and total of Akt and NF-κB levels and content of Nrf2 and HO-1 were measured via western blot. Cell viability was examined by CCK-8 assay. Oxidative stress was assessed by ROS generation and levels of MDA, GSH, and SOD. Wogonin attenuated LPS-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells, increase of MPO activity and levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß, and activation of the Akt/NF-κB pathway in murine mammary gland tissues, and promoted activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Wogonin did not affect MEC viability, but mitigated LPS-induced inflammation in MECs by reducing TNF-α and IL-1ß levels. Wogonin relieved LPS-induced oxidative stress in MECs through decreasing ROS generation and MDA level and increasing GSH and SOD levels. Wogonin repressed LPS-induced activation of the Akt/NF-κB pathway in MECs and increased Nrf2/HO-1 signaling activation. Activated Akt/NF-κB signaling or Nrf2/HO-1 signaling inactivation reversed the suppressive effects of wogonin on LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in MECs. Wogonin mitigates LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress of MECs via suppressing activation of the Akt/NF-κB signaling and activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, indicating the therapeutic potential of wogonin in mastitis.

[Effect of intraoperative warming on patient undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy].

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of intraoperative warming on temperature and blood loss of the patient undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy. METHODS: Forty ASA I patients undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy operation under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups (n=20 in each group): control group and warming group. Rectal temperature was measured during the operation in all patients. Patients in warming group were warmed by using circulating-water mattress during operation and the temperature was set at 37 degrees centigrade. Patients in the control group did not receive the circulating-water mattress. Rectal temperature measurement was started after induction of anesthesia and recorded every thirty minutes afterwards. Blood loss, blood transfusion during the operation, extubation time and rate of keeping intubation after operation were recorded. SPSS13.0 software package was used to analyze the date. RESULTS: There was no difference on the temperature of anesthesia induction between the two groups, the temperature of the patients in the control group at other measure time was significantly lower than that in warming group. The temperature after operation in the control group was significantly lower than the temperature of anesthesia induction, and there was no difference in warming group. During the operation, there were (1095 + or - 473 )mL blood loss in the control group and (831 + or - 291)mL in warming group. There was significant difference between the two group. There were no difference in extubation time and rate of keeping intubation after operation between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative warming for the patient undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy can prevent hypothermia and reduce blood loss during the operation.