[Nutriome as the direction of the "main blow": determination of physiological needs in macro- and micronutrients, minor biologically active substances].

One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science. It is considered as a set of essential nutritional factors to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between human being and the environment, aimed to ensure viability, the preservation and reproduction of the species, keeping the adaptive capacity, the system of antioxidant defence, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune system function. The Nutriome is a formula for optimal nutrition, which is continually being improved and supplemented. Knowledge of this formula is the key to forming an optimal diet for a person, and, therefore, to save their health. It is evident that at the population level, the Nutriome has its characteristics, its structure for each age period of human life. The need to develop a formula for optimal nutrition and, consequently, updating nutrient-based dietary guidelines is induced by socio-economic and demographic changes in population, changes in anthropometric characteristics of children and adults, increasing prevalence of socially significant non-communicable diseases, developing studies of the significance of particular food substances and establishing the relationship between nutrition and health.

[Lipoic acid: physiological role and prospects for clinical application].

α-Lipoic acid (also known as thioctic acid) is a natural vitamin-like compound. Lipoic acid contains asymmetrical carbon, which causes the presence of two possible optical isomers (enantiomers): R-lipoic acid (levogyrate isomer) and S-lipoic acid (rightspinning isomer). Lipoic acid functions as a cofactor for several important mitochondrial multienzyme complexes, enhances the uptake of glucose by the cells, and modulates the activity of various signaling molecules and transcription factors. It was shown that α-lipoic acid and its derivative, dihydrolipoic acid, have a direct antioxidant effect due to the neutralization of reactive oxygen species that are destructive to DNA, proteins and lipids of cells. Dihydrolipoic acid enhances the antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid, glutathione and ubiquinone. Available evidence suggests that supplementation with lipoic acid reduces the symptoms of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Results from randomized controlled trials show that high doses of lipoic acid can improve the glycemic profile of subjects with metabolic disorders. Lipoic acid can be used to control body weight in people with obesity. R-Lipoic acid is synthesized in the human body and is contained in foods in a form covalently associated with lysine (lipoyllysine). Its dose in dietary supplements significantly exceeds the amount in the diet. Most dietary supplements contain a racemic mixture of R- and S-lipoic acid.

Influence of nanosized amorphous silica on assimilation of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 in rats.

Amorphous silica (SiO2) in the form of nanoparticles (NPs) is widely used as a food additive E551 in many enriched foods and food supplements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of SiO2 NPs on assimilation and metabolism of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 in laboratory rats. Amorphous SiO2 «Orisil-300 ®¼ was used with the size of the primary NPs 20-60 nm according to the electronic, atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The experiment was conducted on 8 groups of growing male Wistar rats (with initial body weight 70-80g) number, respectively, 7, 7, 10, 10, 12, 12, 14 and 16 animals. Animals of the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th groups received through­out the experiment balanced semi-synthetic diet. Animals of the 2nd group received a diet depleted of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 until day 21; animals of the 6th, 7th and 8th groups -the same diet from the 1st to the 21th day, and then, before the closure of the experiment, the diet provided with the indicated B vitamins at 100% of normal level. From day 22 of experiment and until the end at day 29 the animals of the 3rd and 6th groups received deionized water (placebo) through intragastric gavage; rat of the 4th and 7th groups -aqueous suspension of SiO2 dose of 1 mg/kg body weight /day, and the 5th and 8th group -100 mg/kg/day. Urinary excretion of thiamine, riboflavin, 4-pyridoxilic acid and liver and brain content of vitamins B1 and B2 (after acid and enzyme hydrolysis) were deter­mined by fluorimetric methods. It was found that rats in group 2 lagged in weight gain at day 21 significantly compared to group 1, and developed a marked deficiency of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 according to studied safety parameters. In groups from 6 to 8 at day 29 par­tial recovery was achieved in vitamin status. Administration of SiO2 to animal of groups 4 and 5, with normal consumption of B vitamins, had no significant effect on any param­eters of vitamin status in comparison to group 3. However, intragastric administration of SiO2 led in animals of groups 7 and 8 to an increase in the urinary excretion of vitamins B1 and B2 and lowering of their content in liver as compared to group 6. Administration of SiO2 had no effect on indices of vitamin B6 sufficiency. Possible reasons are discussed for the adverse lowering impact of SiO2 NPs on the availability of vitamins B1 and B2 and their increased clearance from the body.

[Lead toxicity in its joint administration with the aluminium oxide nanoparticles to rats].

In this paper we studied the effect of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) on the accumulation and biomarkers of toxic action of lead (Pb) when co-administered to rats in subacute experiment. 36 Wistar rats with initial body weight 120-140 g were divided into 4 groups. Animal of group 1 (control group) were given distilled water by gavage. Rats in group 2 received Pb acetate solution in a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (based on Pb), animal in the 3rd and 4th groups additionally to this received suspension of Al2O3 NPs in doses of 1 and 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The experiment lasted 22 days. Body and organ weight, standard haematologic parameters, protein, creatinine, uric acid level, aminotransferase activity (ALT and AST) in serum, urinary 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) concentration were measured. Apoptosis of hepatocytes was studied by flow cytometry. Pb content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. It has been shown that the administration of Al2O3 NPs together with Pb resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in the relative weight of the kidneys (0.88 ± 0.03% and 0.94 ± 0.06% vs. 0.74 ± 0.02% and 0.85 ± 0.01% in control and group 1). The excretion of 5-ALA in the urine of animals treated with lead acetate significantly (p < 0.001) increased compared to the animals of group 1 (0.80 ± 0.08/µmol/l); while any dependence of this parameter on the dose of Al2O3 NPs was absent (p > 0.05) (group 2: 4.54 ± 0.56 µmol/l; group 3: 7.34 ± 1.35 µmol/l; group 4: 5.71 ± 1.74 µmol/l). The hemoglobin content was significantly reduced in animals of groups 2-4 (134.0 ± 2.9; 133.6 ± 1.8 and 129.9 ± 2.9 g/l) compared to the animals of the control group (144.6 ± 1.5 g/l), the dependence of this parameter on the dose of Al2O3 NPs was also absent. A marked and significant increase of the level of glucose has been noticed on the background of the Al2O3 and NPs (7.46 ± 0.49 u 8.24 ± 0.80 vs. 6.28 ± 0.34 mmol/l in group 2), and its level went beyond physiological norms in the 4th group and ANOVA indicated the influence of Al2O3 NPs administration. The toxic effects of lead on hematological parameters of blood on the background of the Al2O3 and NPs weren't weakened, and in the case of hematocrit even enhanced, as evidenced by one-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05). When administered together with the Al2O3 Pd accumulated in increased amounts in the liver [up to 1.96 ± 0.25 (group 3) and 2.16 ± 0.23 (group 4) vs. 1.17 ± 0.19 (group 2) mg/kg] (p < 0.05). Thus, Al2O3 NPs possibly presented as a contaminant in food can enhance the bioavailability of lead and some indices of its toxic action.

[Characterization of silver nanoparticles migration from package materials destined for contact with foods].

There was studied migration of artificial silver nanoparticles from polyethylene films destined for package of such foods as bread and poultry into model media reproducing physico-chemical properties and composition of said products. Modification of films was performed by 5- or 10-fold spraying of silver nanoparticles on the surface of package material. Model media were composed from water, alcohol and plant oil according to US FDA and Russian Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being official recommendation. Nanoparticles were detected in model media by means of transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. Quantification of silver in nanoparticles migrating from films was performed by mass-spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The results obtained showed that silver migrated from films into test media in form of nanoparticles with mean diameter close to 10-20 nm. Migrated particles were partially aggregated to complexes with dimension about 50 nm with degree of aggregation depending on media composition. Quantification showed that amounts of silver nanoparticles migrating in foods did not exceed save level of this nanomaterial consumption even in aggravated conditions when almost all volume of product was consumed in form packaged in films modified with nanosilver.

[In to the question of selenium using in case of foodstuffs enrichment].

The analysis of different selenium compounds toxicity and level of selenium intake in different countries are given in the article. It showed that population of Russian Federation have not defined selenodeficiency. Thus there is no need in wide-ranging fortification of foodstuff by selenium. For increasing of selenium level in particularized foodstuffs (biology activity supplements, specialized foodstuff for pregnant, children, dietetic, medicinal and prophylactic foodstuff) are preferred the organic forms of selenium. Inorganic forms of selenium (selenites and selenates) could use only in the composition of biology activity supplements. However in this case the organic form is more preferably too.

[Studies of effects of aluminum oxide nanoparticles after intragastric administration].

Growing Wistar rats received intragastrically nanoparticles (NPs) of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) daily during 28 days at doses of 1 or 100 mg per kg body mass. There were studied body mass of animals, relative mass of internals, rate of protein macromolecules absorption in the gut, oxidative damage of DNA, pool of tissue thiols, activity of hepatic enzymes of xenobiotic detoxication system, biochemical and hematological blood indices, stability of lysosome membranes, condition of antioxidant defense system, apoptosis of hepatocytes. Conducted experiments didn't reveal any marked toxic action of Al2O3 NPs on rats after 28 days of administration both in high and low dose. Among effects probably related to NPs influence on animals there were lowering of relative liver and lung masses, decrease of hepatic thiol pool, activity of CYP1A1 isoform in liver and glutathione reductase in erythrocytes, increase of diene conjugates of fatty acids in blood plasma. Said shifts were small in magnitude, didn't come out of margins of physiological norm and didn't show any distinct relation to NPs dose. However considering great importance of this nanomaterial as probable environmental contaminant the studies of it's toxicity must be continued in conditions of low doses (less than 1 mg per kg body mass) for long period of time.

[Zero valent seleniume nanoparticles bioavailability estimation in rats].

Bioavailability of zero valent selenium (Se) nanoparticles with average size 60 nm was measured in rats receiving selenium deficient diet. There was demonstrated that intragastric administration of Se nanoparticles resulted in dose-dependent increase of serum Se level, normalization of tissue thiol pools, immune status and hepatocytes apoptosis. Possibilities are discussed of Se nanoparticles use in nutrition as a source of this trace element.

[Efficacy of using zinc oxide nanoparticles in nutrition. Experiments on the laboratory animal].

In experiments on rats there was researched bioavailability of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. There were determined the content of Zn in blood serum and tibia, intestinal uptake of macromolecules of egg albumin, some hematological, biochemical and immune indices, liver cells apoptosis. The results obtained show that the uptake of nanoparticles of ZnO enables restoration of this microelement status damaged by zinc deficit diet.

[Influence of alimentary microelementosis on superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities].

Studies of K(m) for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and activities of superoxide dismutase and GPx were carried out in liver and erythrocytes of rats kept on either the normal semisynthetic diet or a high-fat diet with increased content of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Se. The diet containing microelement additions caused the increase in TBH affinity of liver and erythrocite GPx, as well as the decrease of liver SOD observed on the 14th day of the treatment of rats with the high-fat diet with additional increase of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Se.

[The toxic elements content of dietary supplements].

The article presents data on the toxic elements content of the dietary supplements (DS). The priority DS groups containing relatively high levels of each contaminant were picked out. The evidences of investigating DS consumption for the further contaminant intake counts were given.

[The concentration of vitamin C and selenium in serum of volunteers, receiving different vitamin preparations]. / Dinamika kontsentratsii vitamina C i selena v plazme krovi dobrovol'tsev, poluchavshikh razlichnye vitaminnye preparaty.

Dynamics of changes in serum ascorbic acid and selenium concentration as a result of single dose consumption was investigated on 18 volunteers (12 males and 6 females). Pure ascorbic acid and complex preparation intake was shown to effect the serum ascorbic acid level to a lesser extent than pure vitamin C. The highest concentration of both vitamin C and selenium were observed 2 hours after the administration of "Selmevit".

[Selenium as an essential and deficient factor in the nutrition of Russian population]. / Selen kak éssentsial'nyi i defitsitnyi faktor v pitanii naseleniia Rossii.

The paper presents summarized data on the metabolism of selenium and approaches to justifying physiological requirements for this micronutrient. The studies dealing with the levels of selenium in different foodstuffs have indicated that they are lower in the foods made in Russia than in those made in foreign countries, which leads to its insufficient dietary intake in Russia's population, in poor ecological regions in particular. Experimental studies have revealed that organic selenium compounds exert a beneficial effect on the metabolism of priority food pollutants, such as mycotoxins and N-nitrosoamines.

[Model of nutritional iron deficiency anemia in rats]. / Model' alimentarnoi zhelezodefitsitnoi anemii u krys.

Model of alimentary iron deficiency anemia (AIDA) in rats has been created by the use of iron elimination from all diet components as much as possible. It was established that the time of AIDA development depended on iron content in diet. The model can be used for estimation of efficiency of new food products and food supplements enriched with iron.

[Vitamin and mineral status of the population living in the Sverdlovsk region]. / Obespechennost' vitaminami i nekotorymi mineral'nymi élementami naseleniia Sverdlovskoi oblasti.

It was found that low nutritional status for vitamin C, B2, beta-carotene, selenium and calcium are most prominent nutritional problem for population of Sverdlovskaja region of Russia. Level of calcium in serum was low in 50% of examined population. The results suggest the necessity of dietary intake and food contamination assessments for this population.

[Selenium status of the inhabitants in the Kaluga region]. / Obespechennost' selenom zhitelei Kaluzhskoi oblasti.

The human Se status of 8 areas of Kaluga region was studied. The mean serum Se levels 94 mg/l was significantly lower in the south compared to the northern area 126 mg/l. Areas with radioactive pollution possessed higher percentage of persons with low serum Se concentration than in regions without the pollution. Negative influence of radiation on serum Se level was confirmed also by epidemiological data for workers of Chernobil NNP (65 mg/l-workers attending to the reactor and 69 mg/l-for other employees). The same phenomenon was observed for males of Tula region who had taken part in the liquidation of an accident on the Chernobil NNP compared to other inhabitants of Tula region (78 mg/l and 89 mg/l correspondingly). The lowest antioxidant status (serum vitamin E, C and Se concentrations) in towns of Kaluga region with radioactive pollution possessed males of less than 60 years old.

[Selenium in the food products of Ural economic region]. / Selen v produktakh pitaniia Uralskogo ékonomicheskogo raiona.

The main foodstuffs were tested for selenium levels in the Ural economical district. Mean Se concentrations were found as follows (in microgram/kg): 166-169 in wheat flour, 62.5 in rye flour, 351 in white bread, 271 in rye bread, 165 in beef, 129 in pork, 324 in local fish, and 932 in dry milk. Se levels were high in some sea products and local mushrooms as well.

[Effects of selenium on endogenous synthesis of N-nitrosamines and toxicity of nitrites in rats]. / Vliianie selena na éndogennyi sintez N-nitrozaminov i toksicheskoe deistvienitritov u krys.

Male Wistar rats were fed selenium (0.2, 2.9 or 5.5 mg/kg of dry feed) in the form of selenomethionine. They also received for 6 weeks amidopyrine (33 mg/kg b.w.) and/or sodium nitrite (20 mg/kg b.w.) administered intragastrically. The quantitation of endogenously synthetized volatile nitrosamines in the stomach, selenium in the serum, biochemically evaluated nitrite and nitrosamines toxicity revealed an inverse relationship between feed selenium concentrations and the amount of endogenously produced nitrosodimethylamine from equal precursor doses. A protective selenium effect on methemoglobin-producing action of nitrite ions was established. It is shown that introduction of precursors induces increased body need in selenium.