RESUMO
We investigated the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among 356 residents of nine long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in Japan during 2015 and 2017. In total, 800 specimens were tested and 39 MRSA isolates were recovered from 31 (8.71%) residents. PCR-based open reading frame typing (POT) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing were performed for the 39 MRSA isolates; five of them showing identical pulsotypes, and POT scores were excluded in further analysis. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, multilocus sequence typing, and toxin gene detection were performed for one representative MRSA isolate per resident. Among the 34 unrelated MRSA isolates, 15 (44.1%) and 19 (55.9%) were of SCCmec types II and IV, respectively, and belonged to seven sequence types (STs). Among the 15 SCCmec II isolates, 11 (73.3%), 3, and 1 belonged to ST764 (clonal complex [CC]5), ST5 (CC5), and ST630 (CC8), respectively. Among the 19 SCCmec IV isolates, 13 (68.4%), 3, 2, and 1 belonged to ST1 (CC1), ST474 (CC1), ST8 (CC8), and ST380 (CC8), respectively. Among the 14 CC5 lineage-SCCmec II isolates, one ST5 isolate and 7 of the 11 ST764 isolates (63.6%) carried seb gene, and 14 (87.5%) of 16 CC1 lineage-SCCmec IV isolates had sea gene (p < 0.05). The results indicate that the seb-positive SCCmec type II-ST764 clone has spread in Japanese LTCF environments. As LTCF residents have multiple comorbidities and increased susceptibility to infections, it is necessary to monitor MRSA colonization in LTCFs through periodic screening to prevent dissemination.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Meticilina/uso terapêutico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Idoso , Povo Asiático , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Cromossomos Bacterianos/genética , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Exotoxinas/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus/métodos , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effects of coffee and green, black and oolong teas and caffeine intake on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality have not been well defined in Asian countries. METHODS: To examine the relationship between the consumption of these beverages and risk of mortality from CVD, 76,979 individuals aged 40-79 years free of stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer at entry were prospectively followed. The daily consumption of beverages was assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS: 1362 deaths were documented from strokes and 650 deaths from CHD after 1,010,787 person-years of follow-up. Compared with non-drinkers of coffee, the multivariable HR and 95% CI for those drinking 1-6 cups/week, 1-2 cups/day and ≥ 3 cups/day were 0.78 (0.50 to 1.20), 0.67 (0.47 to 0.96) and 0.45 (0.17 to 0.87) for strokes among men (p = 0.009 for trend). Compared with non-drinkers of green tea, the multivariable HR for those drinking 1-6 cups/week, 1-2 cups/day, 3-5 cups/day and ≥ 6 cups/day were 0.34 (0.06-1.75), 0.28 (0.07-1.11), 0.39 (0.18-0.85) and 0.42 (0.17-0.88) for CHD among women (p = 0.038 for trend). As for oolong tea, the multivariable HR of those drinking 1-6 cups/week and ≥ 1 cups/day were 1.00 (0.65-1.55) and 0.39 (0.17-0.88) for total CVD among men (p = 0.049 for trend). Risk reduction for total CVD across categories of caffeine intake was most prominently observed in the second highest quintile, with a 38% lower risk among men and 22% among women. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of coffee, green tea and oolong tea and total caffeine intake was associated with a reduced risk of mortality from CVD.
Assuntos
Bebidas/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Café , Comportamento de Ingestão de Líquido , Chá , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Bebidas/efeitos adversos , Cafeína/análise , Cafeína/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Café/metabolismo , Intervalos de Confiança , Fatores de Confusão Epidemiológicos , Diabetes Mellitus , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/mortalidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Chá/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Japan, green tea has been drunk for a long time. Because it can be drunk casually, many people love drinking it. If such green tea has an effect to prevent stomach cancer, it will be a very convenient way to prevent the disease. METHODS: To examine the association between green tea consumption and the risk of stomach cancer, past epidemiologic studies including JACC Study were reviewed. RESULTS: Among eight case-control studies, five showed risk reduction with a statistically significant difference, and two studies showed risk reduction without a statistically significant difference. The remaining study showed the opposite result. Among six prospective studies regarding stomach cancer, no study showed risk reduction with a statistically significant difference. Four of the six studies showed no relation. In terms of study design, prospective studies, which are considered to be more reliable than case-controlled studies, tend to show no risk reduction. The results of case-control studies and prospective studies present considerably different impressions. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective studies showed no inverse association between the consumption of green tea and the risk of stomach cancer.