[Nutriome as the direction of the "main blow": determination of physiological needs in macro- and micronutrients, minor biologically active substances].

One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science. It is considered as a set of essential nutritional factors to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between human being and the environment, aimed to ensure viability, the preservation and reproduction of the species, keeping the adaptive capacity, the system of antioxidant defence, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune system function. The Nutriome is a formula for optimal nutrition, which is continually being improved and supplemented. Knowledge of this formula is the key to forming an optimal diet for a person, and, therefore, to save their health. It is evident that at the population level, the Nutriome has its characteristics, its structure for each age period of human life. The need to develop a formula for optimal nutrition and, consequently, updating nutrient-based dietary guidelines is induced by socio-economic and demographic changes in population, changes in anthropometric characteristics of children and adults, increasing prevalence of socially significant non-communicable diseases, developing studies of the significance of particular food substances and establishing the relationship between nutrition and health.

[Effects of rutin on protective capacity in rats].

The purpose of the study was to determine effects of rutin dietary administration on the activity of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant status. The study has been carried out on 3 groups of male Wistar rats (n = 8 in each), with initial body weight 100-120 g. Animals of the control group (1st group) received standard semi-synthetic diet, the experimental groups--the same diet with rutin in the amount of 40 mg/kg b.w. (2nd group) or 400 mg/kg b.w. (3rd group). The duration of the experiment was 2 weeks. In rat liver the activity of quinone reductase (QR), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) activity of CYP1A1, methoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (MROD) activity of CYP1A2, tes- tosterone 6ß-hydroxylase (6ß-TG) activity of CYP3A, total antioxidant activity (AOA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content have been investigated. The expression of genes CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A has been measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The stability of lysosome membranes was estimated by the change of unsedimentable activity of lysosomal enzymes--arylsulfatase, ß-galactosidase and ß-glucuronidase. Rutin administration led to dose-dependent increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In rats of the 3rd group received high-rutin diet the activity of QR, HO-1, PON-1 and GST increased by 68, 29, 17 and 22%, respectively, compared to the control (1st group); MDA level and AOA have not changed. Activity of EROD and MROD in liver microsomes of rats treated with rutin at a dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. (2nd group) increased by 33 and 58%, respectively, with a moderate increase in mRNA level of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. Increasing the dose of rutin up to 400 mg/kg b.w. (3rd group) resulted in the decrease of the degree of EROD and MROD activation by 18 and 15%, respectively, compared to the 2nd group. Rutin had no significant effect on the activity of 6ß-TG and on the expression of CYP3A1 gene. Rutin dietary administration led to dose-dependent reduction of the unsedimentable activity of lysosomal enzymes, indicating the strengthening of the stability of lysosomal membranes. Thus, the obtained results showed that in healthy, intact rats high doses of rutin in the diet moderately but statistically significantly activate enzyme systems responsible for the protective and adaptive capacity of the organism.

Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-3 on the induction of activity and expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 genes in the liver of rats under the influence of indole-3-carbinol.

Supplementation of the ration with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in doses of 0.3 and 1 g/kg body weight for 4 weeks had no effect on ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) activity and expression of the CYP1A1 gene in male Wistar rats, but caused a dose-dependent increase in methoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (MROD) activity of CYP1A2 (by 28 and 73%, respectively) without significant changes in CYP1A2 mRNA expression. ω-3 PUFA had no effect on the indole-3-carbinol-induced (20 mg/kg body weight over the last 7 days of the experiment) EROD activity and expression of CYP1A1 mRNA. The indole-3-carbinol-induced MROD activity was shown to increase by 6.2 times in rats not receiving ω-3 PUFA and only by 3.9 and 2.7 times in animals receiving ω-3 PUFA. The indole-3-carbinol-induced expression of CYP1A2 mRNA slightly increased in animals receiving ω-3 PUFA. Our results suggest that the effect of ω-3 PUFA on the induced and basal activity of CYP1A2 is not related to modulation of CYP1A2 gene expression.

[Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on antioxidant capacity in rats].

Dietary administration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA + DHA, 1,2:1) at dose 0.3 or 1 g/kg bw during 4 weeks led to minor (by 14% and 17%, p<0.05) decrease of serum antioxidant capacity and serum level of vitamin E (by 30% and 31%, p<0.05) and the activity of paraoxonase-1 (by 14% at 0.3 g/kg bw, p<0.05). The activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver increased in a dose-dependent manner. At higher dose of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids a 45% increase in the activity of paraoxonase-1 (p<0.05), 21% -heme oxygenase-1 (p>0.05), 68% - quinone reductase (p<0.05), 19% - glutathione S-transferase (p<0.05) compared to the control group was found. The direct relationship between activities of enzymes and increase of MDA level in liver (by 47 and 107%, p

[Effect of indole-3-carbinol and rutin on rats' provision by vitamins' A and E with different fat content in its diet].

Effect of indole-3-carbinol (I-3-C) and rutin (R) supplementation on vitamins A and E status of growing Wistar rats, receiving for 6 or 4 week semi-synthetic diets with different levels (1, 11 and 31%) of fat (lard and sunflower oil at a ratio of 1:1) has been studied. The content of vitamin E was 6, 9 and 15 IU, vitamin A - 400 IU in 100 g of ration. Against the various fat content during the last 7 or 14 days of the experiment rats received respectively I-3-C (20 mg per 1 kg of body weight per day) or R (0.4% of the feed weight). Rat tissues were analyzed for vitamins A (retinol and retinyol palmitate) and E (alpha-tocopherol) by HPLC. Reducing fat content in diet from 11 to 1% was associated with significant (p<0.05) decrease of hepatic retinyl palmitate and alpha-tocopherol (1,6-1,7 times) with constant plasma concentration of retinol and alpha-tocopherol. Raising fat content from 11 to 31% , in contrast, led to increased levels of hepatic retinyl palmitate and alpha-tocopherol respectively by 13% (p=0.248) and 89% (p=0.006) and plasma ROL of 26% (p=0,024), while the plasma concentration of alpha- tocopherol has not changed. I-3-C and R do not affect the availability of vitamin E in rats, regardless of the fat content in the diet. With excess fat content (31%) in the diet, supplementation of I-3-C and R lowered hepatic RP by 22-52% (p<0.05) compared to rats receiving a diet with adequate fat. Adding of I-3-C to the high-fat diets resulted to a significant reduction of vitamin A concentration in blood plasma by 12% (p=0.024) and in liver by 37% (p=0.002).

[Effects of dietary fat level on the xenobiotic metabolism enzymes activity and antioxidant enzymes in rats].

Male Wistar rats received fat-free diet or diets containing 5, 10 and 30% of fat (sunflower oil + lard, 1:1) for 4 weeks. The direct relationship between dietary fat level and ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity of CYP1A1, methoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity of CYP1A2, pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity of CYP2B1 and testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase activity of CYP3A was found. Activities of key enzymes of phase II xenobiotic metabolism (total activity of glutathione transferase, activity of UDP-glucuronosyle transferase) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, paraoxonase-1 and heme oxygenase-1) also increased with higher dietary fat level.

[Effects of green tea extract and its components on antioxidant status and activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of rats].

Dietary administration of green tea extract (GTE) or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin (Qu) or caffeine (Cf) in doses equal to their concentration in GTE led to an increase of serum and liver antioxidant capacity and strengthening stability of microsomal and lysosomal membranes in rats. The antioxidant efficiency of EGCG and Qu was considerably higher than that of GTE. There were significant differences in the effects of EGCG, Qu and GTE on the activities and expression of mRNA for CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A1. But feeding both GTE and Cf to rats results in similar elevated activities of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and glutathion transferase. Our results suggest that Cf is the main contributor to GTE effects on activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes.

Effects of combined treatment with resveratrol and indole-3-carbinol.

Male Wistar rats received a semisynthetic diet with resveratrol (100 mg/kg), indole-3-carbinol (20 mg/kg), or a mixture of these compounds in the same doses for 1 week. Activities of ethoxyresorufin dealkylase (EROD), methoxyresorufin dealkylase (MROD), pentoxyresorufin dealkylase (PROD), and 6ß-testosterone hydroxylase (6ß-TH) and the content of mRNA for CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A1 were elevated in the liver of rats receiving indole-3-carbinol. These changes were accompanied by an increase in activity of phase II xenobiotic metabolism enzymes (quinone reductase, hemoxygenase-1, glutathione transferase, and UDP glucuronosyl transferase). Resveratrol did not modify activity of these enzymes. After combined treatment with the test compounds, resveratrol suppressed the indole-3-carbinol-induced increase in activities of EROD, MROD, PROD, and 6ß-TH, and expression of the corresponding genes. Combined treatment was characterized by potentiation of the antioxidant effects of these compounds.

[Selenium enriched spirulina and phycocyanin are sources of bioavailable selenium].

Rats were fed for two weeks low-selenium semi-synthetic diet supplemented with different sources of selenium: sodium selenite (selenium concentration 96 and 350 mcg/kg diet), selenium-enriched Spirulina (selenium concentration 350 mcg/kg diet) and selenium-enriched Phycocyanin (selenium concentration 96 mcg/kg diet). Selenium bioavailability was evaluated in terms of selenium accumulation in blood and liver as well as glutathione peroxidase activity. It was shown that selenium from selenium-enriched Spirulina and selenium-enriched phycocyanin was high bioavailable in rats.

[Comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity of phycocyanin and selenium enriched phycocyanin in vitro and ex vivo].

Antioxidant properties of phycocyanin and selenium enriched phycocyanin were evaluated by using FRAP assay, inhibition of luminol oxidation in Hb - H2O2 system and inhibition of induced microsomal lipid peroxidation. In different model systems phycocyanin revealed antioxidant activity wich was comparable with antioxidant activity of bilirubin and Trolox. Inclusion of selenium into phycocyanin did not influence significantly its antioxidant properties.

[Tomato root exudates and their effect on the growth and antifungal activity of Pseudomonas strains]. / Kornevye vydeleniia tomatov i ikh vliianie na rost i antifungal'nuiu aktivnost' shtammov Pseudomonas.

The study of the effect of the root exometabolites of tomato plants on the growth and antifungal activity of the plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas strains showed that the antifungal activity of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in the plant rhizosphere may depend on the sugar and organic acid composition of root exudates.

Effects of flavonoids on the resistance of microsomes to lipid peroxidation in vitro and ex vivo.

Incubation of rat liver microsomes with preparations of grape flavonoids, dihydroquercetin, and silibinin increased their resistance to lipid peroxidation induced by NADPH-Fe2+. This was manifested in less pronounced accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and changes in activity of microsomal enzymes induced by lipid peroxidation. In vitro antioxidant activity of grape flavonoids markedly surpassed that of dihydroquercetin and silibinin. Addition of flavonoids into fodder led to moderate, statistically significant, and similar increase in the resistance of rat liver microsomes to ex vivo induced lipid peroxidation.

[Effect of soybean isoflavones on antioxidant status in rats fed diet with oxidized linseed oil]. / Vliianie izoflavonov soi na antioksidantnyi status krys, poluchavshikh ratsion s okislennym l'nianym maslom.

The maintenance of male Wistar rats on semi-synthetic diets containing oxidized flaxseed oil for 4 weeks caused decrease in serum total antioxidant activity, significant suppression of microsomal UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity and benzpyrene hydroxylase activity, increase in reduced glutathione level and catalase activity of liver. Supplementation of diets with 0.05% of soy isoflavones has resulted in normalization of investigated characteristics.

[Medical-biological evaluation of genetically-modified sugar beet line 77 (chemical composition and toxicologico-biochemical studies)]. / Mediko-biologicheskia otsenka geneticheski modifitsirovannoi sakharnoi svekly linii 77 (khimicheskii sostav i toksikologo-biokhimicheskie issledovaniia).

The rats were fed with the Genetically Modified Sugar Beet line 77 (Monsanto Ko, USA) 10 g/rat/day for 1 month. Their blood, urea and liver were investigated to measure total protein and glucose levels, aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, pH, creatinine level as well as hepatic enzyme activity of the I and II phases of xenobiotic metabolism and whole and non-sedimentated lysosomal enzyme activities and activity of antioxidant system.

[Medico-genetic evaluation of sugar sand, obtained from genetically-modified sugar beet line 77 (toxicologico-biochemical studies)]. / Mediko-biologicheskaia otsenka sakhara-peska, poluchennogo iz geneticheski modifitsirovannoi sakharnoi svekly linii 77 (toksikologo-biokhimicheskie issledovaniia).

The rats were fed with the Suger from the Genetically Modified Suger Beet line 77 (Monsanto Ko, USA) 3 g/rat/day for 3 months. Their blood, urea and liver were investigated to measure total protein and glucose levels, aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, pH, creatinine level as well as hepatic enzyme activity of the I and II phases of henobiotic metabolism and whole and non-sedimentated lysosomal enzyme activities and activity of antioxidant system.

[Protective influence of bioactive food supplement "Rekicen RD" in alimentary T-2-mycotoxicosis in rats]. / Zashchitnoe deistvie BAD "Rekitsen-RD" pri alimentarnom T-2-mikotoksikoze y krys.

Inclusion of a biologically active food supplement (BAS) "Rekicen RD" in rat Wistar ration in percentage 5% result in reduction of toxic action of a trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin. The changes of daily increase in body weight of animals, of relative internal weight, of serum enzyme activity, of not sedimentated activity of lysosomal enzymes and of activity of enzymes of a xenobiotic metabolism in a liver were expressed in a lesser degree. It is possible that a protective action of BAS is related with high adsorption capacity of wheat bran in BAS composition and with their possible influence on activity of enzymes participating in detoxification T-2 toxin (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase).

[Effect of dietary selenium on the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and metabolism of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in rats]. / Vliianie urovnia selena v ratsione na aktivnost' UDP-gliukuronoziltransferaz i metabolizm mikotoksina dezoksinivalenola u krys.

The influence of selenium excess and deficiency on the activity of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and the metabolism of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in rats was studied. Wistar male rats were fed for 6 weeks semi-synthetic diets containing 0.2, 1.0 or 5.0 ppm selenium. For induction of selenium deficiency the weanling rats were fed for 6 weeks diet containing < or = 0.02 ppm selenium. The activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase was reduced in the liver of selenium-deficient rats by 93% at 42 days. DON, its de-epoxy metabolite DOM-1, DON and DOM-1 glucuronides were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC in urine and feces after the single oral dose of DON (8 mg/kg). Selenium-supplemented (5 ppm) diet increased by 2-3 times formation and elimination of DON and DOM-1 glucuronides in urine. Selenium-deficient diet decreased formation of DOM-1, but increased significantly total excretion of DON and DON glucuronides. The activity of GT1 and GT2 forms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme principally responsible for glucuronidation, was two times higher in the liver of rats fed both selenium-supplemented and selenium-deficient diets.

[Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver and small intestinal mucosa with varying combinations of polyunsaturated omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in the diet]. / Fermenty metabolizma ksenobiotikov pecheni i slizistoi obolochki tonkoi kishki drys pri razlichnykh sochetaniiakh polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot omega 6 i omega 3 v ratsione.

Male Wistar rats were fed for 30 days semi-synthetic diets containing lard, corn oil or fish oil (ichthynic oil from herring muscles), differing in total content of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in the ratio omega 6/omega 3 PUFA and in content of vitamin E. The activity of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes was similar in liver of rats fed diets with lard or corn oil, while activities of epoxide hydrolase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase were significantly higher if fish oil was used. The type of fat affected also the benzyl-produced induction of the enzymes. Differences in the enzyme activities observed did not depend on content of vitamin E in dietary fats. Unlike liver tissue, activities of microsomal enzymes were not considerably altered in rat small intestine in various experimental groups. The microsomal lipids of liver tissue and small intestine mucosal membrane were similar in the total content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in various animal groups but the level of omega 6 and omega 3 PUFA in the tissues depended on the ratio omega 6/omega 3 PUFA in diets.

[The effect of selenium on enzymes metabolizing xenobiotics in rat liver]. / Vliianie selena na fermenty metabolizma ksenobiotikov pecheni krys.

Activity of enzymes involved in metabolism of xenobiotics was not altered in liver tissue of rats kept on a ration enriched with selenium at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Both organic form of selenium (yeast meal, selenomethionine) and inorganic derivatives (sodium selenite) at a dose of 5 mg/kg of ration caused distinct activation of epoxide hydrolase, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and glutathione transferase within 6 weeks after the experiment beginning, while content of cytochrome P-450, glutathione-SH and glutathione peroxidase activity were not significantly altered. Within 9 weeks the enzymatic activity remained at the higher rate only in rats kept on the ration with sodium selenite. Relationship between toxic effects of selenium high doses and alterations in activity of enzymes involved in metabolism of xenobiotics is discussed.

Dietary selenium protects against acute toxicity of T-2 toxin in rats.

The efficacy of dietary selenium (Se) supplementation on acute toxicity of T-2 toxin was investigated. Wistar male rats were divided into six groups with 15 rats in each and fed for 6 weeks ad libitum a semi-synthetic diet containing either 0.03 (groups 1 and 2), 0.5 (groups 3 and 4) or 2.5 mg Se/kg (groups 5 and 6). By the end of the experiment the rats in groups 2, 4 and 6 were administered once per os 3.8 mg/kg body weight T-2 toxin, while the animals in groups 1, 3 and 5 received equal doses of the solvent. Twenty-four hours after administration of the toxin the surviving rats were sacrificed and the liver microsomes isolated and determined for activities of enzymes relating to xenobiotics metabolism and Se. The results showed that feeding the rats 2.5 mg Se/kg diet increased the deethylation rate of 7-ethoxycoumarin by 42% and slightly decreased (20%) glutathione-S-transferase activity. Twenty-four hours after the administration of T-2 toxin the lethality percentages in groups 2, 4 and 6 were 47%, 27% and 20%, respectively. Furthermore, administration of T-2 toxin to group 6 rats resulted in a significant decrease in the level of cytochrome P-450 and 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase activity (to 78% and 51%, respectively) compared to the control group. At the same time a 72% increase in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity and of 61% in epoxide hydrolase activity compared to the control group was found. Similarly, although somewhat smaller, changes were seen in the group 4 rats receiving 0.5 mg Se/kg diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)