Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D insufficiency in Brazilian children under 5 years of age: Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).

To analyse the association of socio-demographic and health factors with vitamin D insufficiency and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration in Brazilian children aged 6-59 months. Data from 8145 children from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) were analysed. The serum concentration of 25(OHD)D was measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/l) and 95 % CI was calculated. Logistic and linear regression models were used to identify the variables associated with vitamin D insufficiency and serum 25(OH)D concentrations, respectively. The mean 25(OH)D concentration was 98·6 ± 36·0 nmol/l, and 4·3 % of the children presented vitamin D insufficiency. Children aged 6-23 months (OR = 2·23; 95 % CI 1·52, 3·26); belonging to Southeast (OR = 5·55; 95 % CI 2·34, 13·17) and South (OR = 4·57; 95 % CI 1·77, 11·84) regions; the second tertile of the National Wealth Score (OR = 2·14; 95 % CI 1·16, 3·91) and winter (OR = 5·82; 95 % CI 2·67, 12·71) and spring (OR = 4·84; 95 % CI 2·17, 10·80) seasons of blood collection were associated with a higher chance of vitamin D insufficiency. Female sex (ß = -5·66, 95 % CI - 7·81, -3·51), urban location (ß = -14·19, 95 % CI -21·0, -7·22) and no vitamin D supplement use (ß = -6·01, 95 % CI -9·64, -2·39) were inversely associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration. The age of children and the Brazilian geographical region of household location were the main predictors of vitamin D insufficiency. In Brazil, vitamin D insufficiency among children aged 6-59 months is low and is not a relevant public health problem.

Factors associated with non-adherence to prescribed iron supplement use: a study with pregnant women in the city of Rio de Janeiro / Fatores associados a não adesão à prescrição de uso de suplemento de ferro: estudo com gestantes do município do Rio de Janeiro

Abstract Objectives: to identify factors associated with non-use of iron supplements (IS) by pregnant women attending National Health System (SUS) prenatal care in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 2007/2008 with a representative sample of pregnant women using SUS hospitals and basic care in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The group that had gestational age of ≥ 20 weeks at the time of the interview and who had been prescribed IS (n=1407) was subjected to a Poisson multiple regression model to estimate the association between use and independent variables. Results: of the 1407 pregnant women, 65% reported use of IS. Younger age, black skin/race, larger number of births, not having received guidance on use of IS, not having tried to obtain IS at the SUS (with a stronger association between pregnant women with lower levels of education and lower household assets indicator - HAI) and not having been able to obtain them at the SUS (amongpregnant women with lower HAI) were significantly associated with non-use. Conclusions: the guidance of health professionals regarding use of IS and their regular availability may increase adherence to prescription among pregnant women and prevent iron deficiency anemia.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar fatores associados ao não uso de suplemento de ferro (SF) por gestantes usuárias da atenção pré-natal do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: foi conduzido um estudo seccional em 2007/2008 com amostra representativa de gestantes usuárias de unidades básicas e hospitais do SUS no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Com o grupo que tinha idade gestacional ≥20 semanas na entrevista e que recebeu prescrição para o uso do SF (n=1407), realizou-se um modelo de regressão de Poisson múltiplo para estimar a associação entre o uso e variáveis independentes. Resultados: entre as 1407 gestantes, 65% referiram o uso do SF. Idade mais jovem, raça/cor preta, maior número de partos, não ter recebido orientação para o uso do SF, não ter tentado obter SF no SUS (com maior força de associação entre as gestantes de menor escolaridade e menor indicador de bens - IB) e não ter conseguido obtê-lo no SUS (entre gestantes com menor IB) associaram-se significativamente ao seu não uso. Conclusões: as orientações dos profissionais de saúde para o uso do SF e sua disponibilidade regular podem aumentar a adesão à prescrição entre as gestantes e prevenir a anemia por deficiência de ferro.

[Evaluation of the prenatal nutritional care process in seven family health units in the city of Rio de Janeiro]. / Avaliação do processo da assistência nutricional no pré-natal em sete unidades de saúde da família do Município do Rio de Janeiro.

Nutritional care is of great importance in the prenatal period and the family health teams play a significant role in expanding the coverage of prenatal care. In this manner, the scope of this study was to evaluate the prenatal nutritional care process in seven family health units in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In 2008, a cross-sectional study was conducted and 230 pregnant women were interviewed and copies of their prenatal cards were obtained. The compliance of the process with the pre-established norms and criteria of the Ministry of Health was evaluated. Measurement and recording of blood pressure and weight and prescription of supplements and blood tests on the prenatal card are established steps in routine prenatal care. However, the results indicated that there was under-recording of stature, initial weight, edema, BMI by gestational age and laboratory tests results on the prenatal card. A lack of specific instruction on adequate use of the iron supplement, food consumption and weight gain was observed. The results indicated a pressing need for prenatal nutritional care and revealed deficiencies in this process, stressing the importance of minimum training for the health teams and the implementation of Family Health Support Centers.

Avaliação do processo da assistência nutricional no pré-natal em sete unidades de saúde da família do Município do Rio de Janeiro / Evaluation of the prenatal nutritional care process in seven family health units in the city of Rio de Janeiro

A assistência nutricional tem grande relevância no pré-natal e as equipes de saúde da família têm papel importante na ampliação da cobertura do cuidado pré-natal. Desta forma, este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o processo da assistência nutricional no pré-natal em sete unidades de saúde da família do Município do Rio de Janeiro. Um estudo transversal foi conduzido em 2008 e foram entrevistadas 230 gestantes e obtidas as cópias dos cartões de pré-natal. Avaliou-se a conformidade do processo com critérios e normas pré-determinados pelo Ministério da Saúde. Os resultados indicaram que a aferição e o registro no cartão de pré-natal da pressão arterial e do peso, bem como a prescrição de suplementos e exames de sangue estão estabelecidos como rotinas do pré-natal. Também indicaram que, no cartão, há sub-registro de: estatura, peso inicial, edema, IMC por semana gestacional e resultados de exames. Verificou-se a carência de orientações específicas sobre utilização do sulfato ferroso, consumo de alimentos e ganho de peso. Os resultados revelaram uma grande necessidade de assistência nutricional e deficiências no seu processo, o que aponta para a importância do treinamento da equipe mínima e da implantação dos Núcleos de Apoio à Saúde da Família.

Nutritional care is of great importance in the prenatal period and the family health teams play a significant role in expanding the coverage of prenatal care. In this manner, the scope of this study was to evaluate the prenatal nutritional care process in seven family health units in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In 2008, a cross-sectional study was conducted and 230 pregnant women were interviewed and copies of their prenatal cards were obtained. The compliance of the process with the pre-established norms and criteria of the Ministry of Health was evaluated. Measurement and recording of blood pressure and weight and prescription of supplements and blood tests on the prenatal card are established steps in routine prenatal care. However, the results indicated that there was under-recording of stature, initial weight, edema, BMI by gestational age and laboratory tests results on the prenatal card. A lack of specific instruction on adequate use of the iron supplement, food consumption and weight gain was observed. The results indicated a pressing need for prenatal nutritional care and revealed deficiencies in this process, stressing the importance of minimum training for the health teams and the implementation of Family Health Support Centers.

Consumo de cafeína por grávidas usuárias de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro / Caffeine consumption by pregnant women selected from a Health Care Center in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJETIVO: avaliar o consumo de cafeína em gestantes e sua associação com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, reprodutivas e comportamentais e com o estado nutricional materno. MÉTODOS: trata-se de estudo do tipo transversal, realizado entre 2005 e 2007. A presente análise refere-se ao período entre a oitava e a 13ª semana gestacional, sendo realizada com 255 gestantes entre 18 e 40 anos, usuárias de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. A variável "desfecho"foi o consumo de cafeína quantificado por meio de questionário de freqüência alimentar semiquantitativo, previamente validado, o qual continha uma lista de alimentos com 81 itens e oito opções de freqüência de consumo. A ingestão de cafeína foi quantificada a partir do consumo de: chocolate em pó/Nescau®, chocolate em barra ou bombom, refrigerante, café e mate. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de modelo hierarquizado de regressão linear múltipla. RESULTADOS: a mediana e o consumo médio de cafeína foram, respectivamente, de 97,5 e 121,1 mg (desvio padrão, dp=128,4). Já o consumo elevado da substância (>300 mg/dia) foi observado em 8,3 por cento das gestantes. No modelo multivariado, observou-se que mulheres cuja menarca ocorreu mais cedo (β=-0,15), com maior número de pessoas vivendo na casa (β=0,17) e que não faziam uso de medicamentos (β=-0,24) apresentaram maior tendência ao consumo elevado de cafeína e esta foi estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: o consumo de cafeína pela maioria das gestantes foi inferior ao limite de 300 mg/dia preconizado em outros estudos. Observou-se tendência ao consumo elevado de cafeína nas gestantes cuja menarca ocorreu mais cedo, com maior número de pessoas vivendo na casa e que não faziam uso de medicamentos.

PURPOSE: to determine caffeine consumption in pregnant women and to evaluate its association with demographic, socioeconomic, reproductive, lifestyle and maternal nutritional status. METHODS: it is a cross-sectional study performed between 2005 and 2007. The present analysis refers to the period among the 8th and 13th gestational week and included 255 pregnant women from 18 to 40 years, clients of a municipal health center in Rio de Janeiro. The outcome variable was caffeine consumption, quantified by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, which count with a list containing 81 items and eight options of consumption frequencies; besides it being previously validated in a sample of employees of the State University of Rio de Janeiro. The caffeine intake was quantified starting from the consumption of: powdered chocolate, chocolate bar or chocolate, soft drink, coffee and mate tea. The statistical analysis was performed by means of fitting a multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: the median and the mean caffeine consumption were, respectively, 97.5 and 121.1 mg (standard deviation, sd = 128.4). The high caffeine consumption (> 300 mg/day) was observed in 8.3 percent of pregnant women. It was observed in the multivariate model that women with earlier menarche (β = -0.15), with more household partners (b = 0.17) and who didn’t make use of medicines (β = -0.24) presented larger tendency to high caffeine consumption association that was statistically significant (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the caffeine consumption for most of the pregnant women was inferior to the limit of 300 mg/day as commited in other studies. Tendency was observed toward higher consumption of caffeine in pregnant women with earlier menarche, with more household partners and who didn’t make use of medicines.

[Caffeine consumption by pregnant women selected from a Health Care Center in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. / Consumo de cafeína por grávidas usuárias de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro.

PURPOSE: to determine caffeine consumption in pregnant women and to evaluate its association with demographic, socioeconomic, reproductive, lifestyle and maternal nutritional status. METHODS: it is a cross-sectional study performed between 2005 and 2007. The present analysis refers to the period among the 8th and 13th gestational week and included 255 pregnant women from 18 to 40 years, clients of a municipal health center in Rio de Janeiro. The outcome variable was caffeine consumption, quantified by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, which count with a list containing 81 items and eight options of consumption frequencies; besides it being previously validated in a sample of employees of the State University of Rio de Janeiro. The caffeine intake was quantified starting from the consumption of: powdered chocolate, chocolate bar or chocolate, soft drink, coffee and mate tea. The statistical analysis was performed by means of fitting a multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: the median and the mean caffeine consumption were, respectively, 97.5 and 121.1 mg (standard deviation, sd = 128.4). The high caffeine consumption (> 300 mg/day) was observed in 8.3% of pregnant women. It was observed in the multivariate model that women with earlier menarche (beta = -0.15), with more household partners (b = 0.17) and who didn't make use of medicines (beta = -0.24) presented larger tendency to high caffeine consumption association that was statistically significant (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the caffeine consumption for most of the pregnant women was inferior to the limit of 300 mg/day as committed in other studies. Tendency was observed toward higher consumption of caffeine in pregnant women with earlier menarche, with more household partners and who didn't make use of medicines.