RESUMO
Pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide and pyridine-2-aldoxime methyl methane sulfonate (P2S) used as supplements to carbachol or neostigmine, greatly lowered the incidence of chicken embryos of vertebral defects and muscular hypoplasia. With 4-pyridine aldoxime the effect of the teratogens was less reduced. Supplementation of carbachol or neostigmine with either ambenonium or toxogonin lessened the occurrence of muscular hypoplasia, but did little, if anything, to prevent malformation of the neck vertebrae. In tests with physostigmine P2S as supplement reduced or prevented cervical defects, but failed to protect the nicotinamide-sensitive parts of the embryo.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos , Parassimpatomiméticos , Compostos de Pralidoxima/farmacologia , Cloreto de Ambenônio/farmacologia , Animais , Carbacol , Vértebras Cervicais/anormalidades , Vértebras Cervicais/efeitos dos fármacos , Vértebras Cervicais/embriologia , Embrião de Galinha , Músculos/anormalidades , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculos/embriologia , Neostigmina , Cloreto de Obidoxima/farmacologia , Compostos Organofosforados , Fisostigmina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid, taurocholate, guanidine, glycine, and beta-alanine, known to have putative functions as neurotransmitters, when given as supplement to carbachol or decamethonium, greatly reduced the incidence of malformations produced in chicken embryos by these depolarizing cholinomimetic teratogens. In combination with the nondepolarizing teratogens neostigmine and pyridostigmine similarly beneficial effects occurred only by supplementation with gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Assuntos
Parassimpatomiméticos/toxicidade , Teratogênicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Alanina/farmacologia , Animais , Carbacol/toxicidade , Embrião de Galinha , Compostos de Decametônio/toxicidade , Feminino , Morte Fetal/induzido quimicamente , Glicina/farmacologia , Guanidinas/farmacologia , Neostigmina/toxicidade , Gravidez , Brometo de Piridostigmina/toxicidade , Ácido Taurocólico/farmacologia , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/farmacologiaRESUMO
Treatment of chicken embryos after 96 h of incubation showed that the teratogenic activity of the cholinomimetic compounds carbachol, neostigmine, decamethonium, and tetramethylammonium is reduced in the presence of calcium acetate. Similarly, supplementation with potassium acetate reduced the teratogenicity of carbachol and tetramethylammonium.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos , Cálcio/farmacologia , Parassimpatomiméticos/farmacologia , Potássio/farmacologia , Teratogênicos/farmacologia , Animais , Carbacol/farmacologia , Embrião de Galinha/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Decametônio/farmacologia , Interações Medicamentosas , Troca Iônica , Neostigmina/farmacologia , Junção Neuromuscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/farmacologia , Receptores Colinérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The cholinomimetic compounds carbachol, decamethonium, neostigmine, succinylcholine, trimethylphenylammonium, and others were tested for their interference with normal chick development. All these compounds led to abnormalities of the cervical vertebrae; at higher dosage interference with normal morphogenesis involved the whole vertebral column. Hypoplasia of the leg muscles occurred with lower incidence. Responses, tested with carbachol, rose from 24 to 72 and 96 h, then declined to 120 h of incubation. Two of the cholinometic compounds used in combined treatment produced a high degree of synergism. Gallamine, benzoquinomium, butyrylcholine, and bethanechol had protective effects. Acetylcholine, at high dosage, caused defects different from the above. It is suggested that the cholinomimetic teratogens interfere with normal development by displacing acetylcholine from its receptors or by forming complexes with it.