Rhizosphere Exudate-mediated Synergistic Harm of Soil Microorganisms to Medicinal Plants in Continuous Cropping / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Continuous cropping obstacle is the bottleneck of medicinal plant cultivation, which seriously affects the quality and yield of medicinal materials. The research on the mechanism of continuous cropping obstacle has evolved from soil physical and chemical properties and allelopathy in the 1970s to the changes of rhizosphere microenvironment and plant response mechanism at present. According to the available studies in this field and our previous research work, we systematically analyzed the mechanism of rhizosphere exudate-mediated microbial community reconstruction in the soil of the medicinal plants in continuous cropping. Specifically, rhizosphere exudates, providing the carbon source and energy for microbial growth, act as inducers or repellents to induce microbial growth or transfer, thereby changing the physicochemical properties (such as acidity) of rhizosphere soil and further altering the structure of rhizosphere microbial community. Further, we comprehensively discussed the ways of synergism between rhizosphere exudates and soil microorganisms in causing harm to the medicinal plants in continuous cropping. That is, rhizosphere exudates mediate the infection of the rhizosphere by pathogenic microorganisms, increase the susceptibility of the nearby plants, inhibit the defense of the host plants, and protect the pathogens to occupy the dominant niche. The synergistic interaction results in the release of more pathogenic factors such as mycotoxins by rhizosphere pathogens, enhanced toxicity of rhizosphere allelochemicals, and deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties. This paper summarizes the role of interaction between rhizosphere exudates and soil microorganisms in the formation of continuous cropping obstacles, aiming to provide a new research idea for revealing the formation mechanism as well as the theoretical support for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles of medicinal plants.

Visualizing the spatial distribution and alteration of metabolites in continuously cropped Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge using MALDI-MSI / 药物分析学报

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge(SMB)has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Growing clinical usage has led to a huge demand for artificial planting of SMB.Thus,continuous cropping of SMB is an important challenge that needs to be addressed.Contin-uous cropping can alter the metabolic profile of plants,resulting in poor growth and low yield.In this study,we tried to image the spatial location and variation of endogenous metabolites in continuously cropped SMB using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging(MALDI-MSI).Spatially resolved expressions of tanshinones,salvianolic acids,polyamines,phenolic acids,amino acids,and oligosaccharides in normal and continuously cropped SMB roots were compared.The ex-pressions of dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ,tanshinone Ⅱ A,dehydromiltirone,miltirone,dehydrotanshinone ⅡA,spermine,salvianolic acid B/E,tetrasaccharide,and pentasaccharide in continuously cropped SMB roots were much lower than those in normal roots.There was little difference in the expressions of caffeic acid and salvianolic acid A in normal and continuously cropped SMB roots.Ferulic acid was more widely distributed in xylem of normal SMB but strongly expressed in xylem,phloem,and cambium of continuously cropped SMB.The spatially resolved metabolite information enhances our understanding of the metabolic signature of continuously cropped SMB and also provides insights into the metabolic ef-fects of continuous cropping in other plants.

Regionalization of Chinese Material Medical Quality Based on Maximum Entropy Model: A case study of Atractylodes lancea.

Atractylodes is an East-Asiatic endemic genera that distributed in China, Japan and Russian Far Eastern. As an important resource of medicinal plant, atractylodes has long been used as herbal medicine. To example the significant features in its trueborn quality and geographical distribution, we explored the relationships between medicine quality and habitat suitability in two classifications-lower atractylodin content than the standard of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010) and the other has higher content. We found that the atractylodin content is negatively related to the habitat suitability for atractylodes with lower atractylodin, while the atractylodin content is positively related to the habitat suitability for those with higher atractylodin. By analyzing the distribution of atractylodeswith lower atractylodin content than the standard of Pharmacopeia, we discovered that the main ecological factors that could inhibit the accumulation of atractylodin were soil type (39.7%), soil clay content (26.7%), mean temperature in December (22.3%), Cation-exchange capacity (6%), etc. And these ecological factors promoted the accumulation of atractylodin for the atractylodes with higher atractylodin. By integrating the two classifications, we finally predicted the distribution of atractylodin content in China.Our results realized the query of atractylodes quality in arbitrary coordinates, and satisfied the actually cultivation demands of "Planting area based on atractylodin quality".

Effects of different cleaning treatments on heavy metal removal of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen.

The quality and safety of Panax notoginseng products has become a focus of concern in recent years. Contamination with heavy metals is one of the important factors as to P. notoginseng safety. Cleaning treatments can remove dust, soil, impurities or even heavy metals and pesticide residues on agricultural products. But effects of cleaning treatments on the heavy metal content of P. notoginseng roots have still not been studied. In order to elucidate this issue, the effects of five different cleaning treatments (CK, no treatment; T1, warm water (50°C) washing; T2, tap water (10°C) washing; T3, drying followed by polishing; and T4, drying followed by tap water (10°C) washing) on P. notoginseng roots' heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Cd, As and Hg) contents were studied. The results showed that heavy metal (all five) content in the three parts all followed the order of hair root > rhizome > root tuber under the same treatment. Heavy metal removals were in the order of Hg > As > Pb > Cu > Cd. Removal efficiencies of the four treatments were in the order of T2 > T1 > T3 > T4. Treatments (T1-T4) could decrease the contents of heavy metal in P. notoginseng root significantly. Compared with the requirements of WM/T2-2004, P. notoginseng roots' heavy metal contents of Cu, Pb, As and Hg were safe under treatments T1 and T2. In conclusion, the cleaning process after production was necessary and could reduce the content of heavy metals significantly. Fresh P. notoginseng root washed with warm water (T2) was the most efficient treatment to remove heavy metal and should be applied in production.

Hypothesis and establishment of 2-dimensional molecular marking method inidentification of Chinese material medica / 中国中药杂志

This paper introduced a new identification method, the 2-dimensional molecular marking method (2-DM), for Chinese materia medica identification. It can be used in genuine/false discriminating and quality evaluating for the Chinese materia medica. Concept, principle and process of 2-DM method were introduced in this paper. The technical advantages and contributions of 2-DM method in the study of Chinese materia medica were also discussed. Generally speaking, the occurring of 2-DM method would not only expand connotation of identification of Chinese materia medica but provide another effective way for quality evaluating.

Physiological effects of rare earth elements and their application in traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

The process in the studies on physiological effects of rare earth elements in plants and their action mechanisms were summarized in the aspects of seed germination, photosynthesis, mineral metabolism and stress resistance. And the applications of rare earth elements in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in recent years were also overviewed, which will provide reference for further development and application of rare earth elements in TCM.

Construction of medicinal plant core collection based on molecular phylogeography / 中国中药杂志

The paper introduces the current situation and the characteristics of the medicinal plant core collection. It expounds the significance and research methods for the medicinal plant core collection based on molecular phylogeography. Guided by molecular phylogeography, the essay explores the feasibility and methods of medicinal plant core collection for the medicinal plants with rich wild resources and without wild resources. It further forecasts the application of medicinal plant core collection methods on the basis of molecular phylogegraphy.

Variation of icariin and total flavonoid of Epimedium acuminatum in different parts and habitats / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Through comparative study on contents of icariin and total flavonoid of Epimedium acuminatum in different habitats and parts, the distribution and correlation of the two components were observed.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Twenty-four sample spots in four habitats were set up, and the whole plant of these samples was divided as following: leaf, root, stem and rhizome. Total flavonoid and icariin of samples were determined by using the UV method and the HPLC, respectively. The data was analyzed by SPSS 17.0.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The distribution of icariin in different parts had the pattern: leaf > root > stem > rhizome, the total flavonoid content was higher in leaf, but it showed no difference in other parts. Habitat had certain effect on icariin accumulation in E. acuminatum. The significant differences of total flavonoid content in E. acuminatum from different parts were not observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The distribution of icariin from different parts and habitats has high selectivity. Metabolism and accumulation of flavonoid content in each part have no difference. Flavonoid content is less affected by environment. Considering the distribution of icariin and flavonoid content in every part and the growth strategy in different habitats comprehensively, it is reasonable to harvest the aerial part for the sustainable utilization of E. acuminatum.</p>

Using of method and result of LUCC study in field of Chinese medicine resources / 中国中药杂志

The contradiction between the ecological environment, natural resources and the development of social and economic has become increasingly conspicuous. Land resources are the physical basis of Chinese medicine resources and habitat of the medicinal organisms. Meanwhile, land resources are also the bridge and tie between Chinese medicine resources and environment that include society and natural environment. Chinese medicine resources exist in the multiplexed system that constituted by the natural ecological environment and the human social environment. So the sustainable use of Chinese medicine resources includes the Chinese medicine resources itself and the nature environment and society environment that exist in. For the sustainable use of the Chinese medicine resources, it is necessary to study the change of Chinese medicine resources, the change of environment and the relationship between the Chinese medicine resources and environment that exist in. The technology method and result of land use and land cover change study, that can be use in the field of Chinese medicine resources change study. It can help researchers show the history, process, reason, and forecast the trend and result of Chinese medicine resources change.

Discussion on appraisal methods and key technologies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and medicinal plant symbiosis system / 中国中药杂志

Applications of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in research of medicinal plant cultivation are increased in recent years. Medicinal plants habitat is complicated and many inclusions are in root, however crop habitat is simple and few inclusions in root. So appraisal methods and key technologies about the symbiotic system of crop and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can't completely suitable for the symbiotic system of medicinal plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This article discuss the appraisal methods and key technologies about the symbiotic system of medicinal plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from the isolation and identification of arbuscular mycorrhiza, and the appraisal of colonization intensity. This article provides guidance for application research of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cultivation of medicinal plants.

Status and prospective on nutritional physiology and fertilization of Panax notoginseng / 中国中药杂志

Sanqi, Panax notoginseng, is a famous traditional Chinese herb, which has more than 400 years cultivation history in China. This paper has reviewed the studies on the suitable growing soil conditions for Sanqi, mineral nutrition effects on Sanqi, and the effects of nutrients uptake on the yield and quality of Sanqi by applying fertilizer. Thereafter, research needed to be put further efforts in the future has raised for discussion, and outlined the following topics for further research like the mechanism of mineral nutrition, methods of nutrients deficiency diagnosis on site, suitable cultivated soil grading special fertizer development, disease resistance, and fertilization recommended by soil testing.

Application of molecular pharmacognosy in research of Mongolian medicine / 中国中药杂志

Molecular pharmacognosy has developed as a new borderline discipline. Using the method and technology of molecular pharmacognosy, a wide range of challenging problems were resolved, such as the identification of Mongolian medicinal raw materials, etiology of endangerment and protection of endangered Mongolian medicinal plants and animals, biosynthesis and bioregulation of active components in Mongolian medicinal plants, and characteristics and the molecular bases of Dao-di Herbs. So molecular pharmacognosy will provide the new methods and insights for modernization of Mongolian medicine.

Review: autotoxicity in medicinal plants and means to overcome / 中国中药杂志

The review deals with the phenomenon of autotoxicity in medical plants. The autotoxic potential could be attributed to direct inhibition of plant growth and some diseases could be promoted by autotoxin. Factors affecting autotoxicity include species and cultivars, soil microbes, plant's nutrient situation and soil type etc. Autotoxicity could be overcome or alleviated by plant residues removal, adding beneficial microbes, using organic fertilizer, proper rotation, and grading management to different plant' autotoxic force.

Hormesis and its application in medicinal plant growing / 中国中药杂志

Hormesis describes the low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition phenomena for all kind lives under toxicity environment. This paper generalized hormesis of medicinal plant on grow and metabolite after introducing the concept and study state of hormesis and analyzing hormesis mechanism and its significance. It points out that hormesis can be well used for medicinal plants growth, including increasing the metabolise, giving a dereaction for cultivated field chosen, guiding the agriculture management during the cultivation and improving the anti-stress.

Responses of medicinal plant to drought stress and controlled experiment / 中国中药杂志

Progress in the studies on responses of medicinal plants to drought stress including changes of appearance, physiological adaptation, biochemistry response and molecular mechanisms were summarized. Committed steps of controlled experiment of medicinal plants to drought stress were proposed considering the characteristics of medicinal plants, which will provide rationale basis for clear elaboration of the responses of medicinal plant to the drought stress.

Accumulation and translocation of cadmium in soil and plant and its effects on growth of Artemisia annua and artemisinin content / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the accumulation and translocation of cadmium in the soil and Artemisia annua, and observe its effects on growth of A. annua and artemisinin content.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>A. annua were cultivated in pots with Cd concentration at 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 mg x kg(-1) level, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>The growth of A. annua was inhibited at all the Cd levels characterized by the decreases of biomass and agronomic parameters; Most of Cd was accumulated in the roots of A. annua, and the ratios of Cd concentrations in roots and aerial part were 1.8:1 and 2.3:1 at 1.5, 4.5 mg x kg(-1) Cd level, respectively. Artemisinin content increased significant at 0.5 mg x kg(-1) Cd level, but there were no significant changes comparing with control group other Cd levels.</p>

Effects of mineral nutrition on metabolism of flavonoids in medicinal plants / 中国中药杂志

Flavonoids are an important effective component of traditional Chinese medicine, which are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. The biosynthesis of flavonoid in plants is affected and regulated by various environmental factors. For a necessary environmental factor to plant growth and development, mineral nutrients are paid more and more attention on the regulation to the metabolism of flavonoids in medicinal plants. In this paper, an overview of flavonoids biosynthetic pathway, and the macroelements, microelements and rare earth elements on the metabolism of flavonoids in medicinal plants are presented. And the regulation mechanism of them are also analyzed and discussed.

Discussion on theory and indes system of Chinese material medical regionalization / 中国中药杂志

The paper discusses the theory regarding to the Chinese material medical (CMM) regionalization. It is based on the studying of papers and practical experience in the field of CMM regionalization. The basic theories of CMM regionalization are laws of territorial differentiation and location theory. The basic principles are excellent quality of CMM, difference, similarity and practicability. The study objects are CMM resources, natural environment and social environment. The definition of CMM regionalization is that study on the laws of spatial pattern of resources and regional system in the field of CMM,then regionalize it based on this kind of spatial pattern and law. The index system is built based on the study of the theory,principle,object and index of CMM regionalization.

Effects of phosphate fertilizer on active ingredients and antioxidant activities of Chrysanthemum morifolium / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In order to provide a scientific fertilizer application for the standardized cultivation, the effects of phosphate (P) fertilizer on the active ingredients and antioxidant activities of Chrysanthemum morifolium were studied.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Pot experiment was adopted to study the effects of P supply on the yield and the content of flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, soluble sugar, soluble amino acids and crude protein of C. morifolium flower. And effects of P supply on the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of flower were researched too.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The yield of C. morifolium dry flower increased 129. 94% when P fertilizer was applied. Appropriate application of P fertilizer could also significantly improve the content and accumulation of total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and soluble sugar in C. morifolium. Thus, the inhibition rates of hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical and DPPH free radical of C. morifolium was increased. When the level of P supply exceeded 0.20 g P2O5 per plant, P had also negative influence on the yield and the content of active ingredients and the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical and DPPH free radical of C. morifolium. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between the content of total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid and the inhibition rate of hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical and DPPH free radical, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Appropriate application of P fertilizer could be beneficial to the increase the active components and antioxidant activity of C. morifolium. And recommended level of P fertilizer is 0.26-0.28 g x kg(-1).</p>

Analysis and suggestion management system of wild medicinal resources / 中国中药杂志

The present paper introduced the management status of wild medicinal resources (WMR) including the law system, the government system and the rule system, and analyzed the main problems and their reasons for WMR management. It pointed out that the old management system for WMR was not fit the need of conversation and management of WMR. It suggested to revise the "the Law of Conversation and Manage System of Wild Medicinal Resources", and discussed the law type, the objective and the principle he government system, management field and rule system for the revised law in details.