Guidelines and Policies: Implications for Individual and Population Health.

Rising rates of prescription opioids for chronic pain from the 1990s along with a concomitant worsening overdose crisis led to rapid evaluation and public health strategies to curb problems with prescription opioids. Guideline development, grounded in solid theory but based on limited evidence that translated into rigid and discordant policies, has contributed to controversies in pain management, worsening the treatment experience for people experiencing chronic pain and highlighting existing inequities from a system clouded with systemic racism. Newer public health approaches need to evaluate root causes and be more holistic addressing inequities as well as using trauma-informed principles.