RESUMO
Discordant results between genotypic drug susceptibility testing (gDST) and phenotypic DST (pDST) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with disputed (discordance between gDST and pDST results) mutations affect rifampin (RIF)-resistant (RR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) treatments due to a lack of practical clinical guidelines. To investigate the role of disputed rpoB mutations in M. tuberculosis and TB treatment outcomes, initial isolates of 837 clinical RR- or MDR-TB cases confirmed during 2014 to 2018 were retested using agar-based RIF pDST and rpoB gene sequencing. MICs were determined for isolates with disputed rpoB mutations. Disputed rpoB mutations were identified in 77 (9.2%) M. tuberculosis isolates, including 50 (64.9%) and 14 (18.2%) phenotypically RIF- and rifabutin (RFB)-resistant isolates, respectively. The predominant single mutations were those encoding L533P (a change of L to P at position 533) (44.2%) and L511P (20.8%). Most of the isolates harboring mutations encoding L511P (87.5%), H526N (100%), D516Y (70.0%), and L533P (63.6%) had MICs of ≤1 mg/liter, whereas isolates harboring the mutation encoding H526L (75%) had a MIC of >1 mg/liter. Of the 63 cases with treatment outcomes available, 11 (17.5%) cases died, 1 (1.6%) case transferred out, and 51 (81%) cases had favorable outcomes, including 8 and 20 cases treated with standard-dose RIF- and RFB-containing regimens, respectively. Excluding cases that transferred out or received no or 1-day treatment, we observed statistically significant differences between the outcomes using active and inactive fluoroquinolones (FQs) (P = 0.008, odds ratio = 0.05 [95% confidence interval, 0.01 to 0.38]) in 57 cases (where active means a case susceptible to the drug and inactive means a case resistant to the drug or drug not used). We concluded that disputed rpoB mutations are not rare. Depending on the resources available, sequencing and/or MIC testing is recommended for better management of RR- and MDR-TB cases.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Tuberculose , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/genética , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mutação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
AIMS: Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic pain syndrome that is characterized by suprapubic pain upon bladder filling. Bletilla striata, a well-known traditional Chinese herb with established efficacy in wound healing and anti-inflammation, was hypothesized to improve the symptoms of IC possibly though forming a physical barrier that could isolate the bladder tissue from irritants. This study was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of intravesical treatment with B. striata extract solution (BSES) on visceral pain and bladder function of rats with zymosan-induced IC. METHODS: Thirty female rats were randomly divided into control group, zymosan-induced cystitis rats treated with normal saline (Z + NS), and zymosan-induced cystitis rats treated with BSES (Z + BSES). All rats underwent evaluation for abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores to assess visceral hypersensitivity, cystometrography, and electromyogram (EMG) of both external urethral sphincter and bladder detrusor. Data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The Z + NS group had an increased visceral hypersensitivity as compared to control group. Rats treated with BSES (Z + BSES group) had decreased AWR scores and amplitude of bladder detrusor-EMG. Besides, BSES treatment improved overactive bladder with significant effects on the extend of micturition interval and increase of storage of urine. CONCLUSIONS: Intravesical instillation of BSES can significantly alleviate zymosan-induced visceral hypersensitivity and bladder overactivity associated with IC. This study suggested that intravesical instillation with BSES might be a promising treatment for IC.
Assuntos
Cistite Intersticial/induzido quimicamente , Cistite Intersticial/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Polissacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Zimosan/efeitos adversos , Animais , Feminino , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Many studies have reported a positive association between lower socioeconomic status (SES) and higher head and neck cancer (HNC) risk. Fewer studies have examined the impact of SES on the association between alcohol or cigarette use and HNC risk. The current case-control study (1104 HNC cases and 1363 controls) investigated the influence of education, a SES indicator, on the association between HNC and the use of alcohol, cigarettes, or betel quids in Taiwan, a country with universal health care. Our results showed a larger increase in HNC risk associated with alcohol among those with lower educational level (odds ratio [OR] = 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-2.80) than those with higher educational level (OR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.04-1.85) (heterogeneity-P = .03). Educational level had an influence on the association between alcohol use and HNC risk among those with genetic susceptibility (ALDH2-deficient) to the carcinogenic effect of alcohol. The association between cigarette or betel quid use and HNC risk was similar between the high and low educational groups. National policies and social interventions have led to the decline in the prevalence of cigarette and betel quid users in Taiwan. In contrast, due to the lack of adequate alcohol control policies, alcohol consumption in Taiwan has continued to rise. A higher impact of alcohol on HNC risk among lower SES individuals even with universal health care could be the result of insufficient alcohol control policies in Taiwan.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/epidemiologia , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Estilo de Vida , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Aldeído-Desidrogenase Mitocondrial/deficiência , Aldeído-Desidrogenase Mitocondrial/genética , Compostos de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Compostos de Cálcio/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Escolaridade , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Óxidos/administração & dosagem , Óxidos/efeitos adversos , Piper/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Classe Social , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/etiologia , Taiwan/epidemiologia , Assistência de Saúde UniversalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Frey syndrome is a common complication after parotidectomy. This study aimed to investigate the potential predictors for developing severe Frey syndrome after parotidectomy and to identify patients who may benefit from additional preventive maneuvers. METHODS: A total of 485 patients received parotidectomy because of parotid tumors at the Otolaryngology Department of the National Cheng Kung University Hospital, from July 2009 to November 2015. Only 115 of 485 patients were included in this study and to fill in a questionnaire to determine the occurrence and severity of Frey syndrome. RESULTS: A total of 115 parotidectomies were identified. 84 (73%, 84/115) patients were aware of the discomfort and were thus considered symptomatic. 39 (34%, 39/115) patients considered the symptoms apparently affected their quality of life. MSI tests showed that 56 (49%, 56/115) patients had a positive MSI test. By combining the results from symptom questionnaire and MSI test, 23 patients (20%, 23/115) had a severe form of Frey syndrome. Among all clinicopathological variables, the resected specimen size was the only significant predictor of the severe Frey syndrome group (P = 0.04). Disease pathology, tumor size, and adjuvant radiotherapy did not correlate with the severe Frey syndrome. Using receiver operating curve analysis, the best cutoff value of the resected specimen size (in largest dimension) for predicting severe Frey syndrome was 40 mm(sensitivity: 71.7%, specificity: 42.0%; area under the curve = 0.6483). The odds ratio of severe Frey syndrome with every 10 mm increase in the largest diameter of resected specimen was 1.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.68; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Resected specimen size is the only significant predictor of developing severe Frey syndrome after parotidectomy. Preventive interventions may have to be considered in high-risk patients whose resected specimen size (in largest dimension) is greater than 40 mm.
Assuntos
Glândula Parótida/cirurgia , Neoplasias Parotídeas/patologia , Neoplasias Parotídeas/cirurgia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Sudorese Gustativa/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Qualidade de Vida , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Carga Tumoral , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Ulcerative colitis (UC), one type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is a chronic and recurrent disorder of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. As camellia oil (CO) is traditionally used to treat GI disorders, this study investigated the role of CO on acetic acid-induced colitis in the rat. The composition of the gut microbial community is related to many diseases; thus, this study also investigated the effects of CO on the composition of the gut microbiota. The rats were fed a dose of 2 mL/kg body weight CO, olive oil (OO), or soybean oil (SO) once a day for 20 days, and the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results of the gut microbiota examination showed significant clustering of feces after treatment with CO and OO; however, individual differences with OO varied considerably. Compared to SO and OO, the intake of CO increased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, the α-diversity, relative abundance of the Bifidobacterium, and reduced Prevotella of the gut microbiota. On day 21, colitis was induced by a single transrectal administration of 2 mL of 4% acetic acid. However, pretreatment of rats with CO or OO for 24 days slightly enhanced antioxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities and significantly reduced inflammatory damage and lipid peroxidation, thus ameliorating acetic acid-induced colitis. These results indicated that CO was better able to ameliorate impairment of the antioxidant system induced by acetic acid compared to OO and SO, which may have been due to CO modifying the composition of the gut microbiota or CO being a rich source of phytochemicals.
Assuntos
Ácido Acético/efeitos adversos , Camellia/química , Colite/dietoterapia , Colite/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Óleos de Plantas/metabolismo , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/metabolismo , Camellia/metabolismo , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/metabolismo , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/microbiologia , Masculino , Óleos de Plantas/química , RatosRESUMO
Camellia oil, a common edible oil in Taiwan and China, has health effects for the gastrointestinal tract in folk medicine, and it contains abundant unsaturated fatty acids and phytochemicals. However, the preventive effect of camellia oil on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers remains unclear. This study was aimed to evaluate the preventive effect of camellia oil on ethanol-induced gastric injury in vitro and in vivo as well as its mechanisms of action. In an in vitro study, our results showed that pretreatment of RGM-1 cells with camellia oil enhanced the migration ability as well as increased heat shock protein expression and reduced apoptotic protein expression. In animal experiments, mice pretreated with camellia oil effectively showed improved ethanol-induced acute injury of the gastric muscosa and oxidative damage through the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities and heat shock protein and PGE2 production, as well as the suppression of lipid peroxidation, apoptosis-related proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and NO production. Histological injury score and hemorrhage score in ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage dramatically elevated from the control group (0.00 ± 0.0) to 3.40 ± 0.7 and 2.60 ± 0.5, respectively. However, treatments with camellia oil or olive oil (2 mL/kg bw) and lansoprazole (30 mg/kg bw) showed significant decreases in elevation of injury score and hemorrhage score (p < 0.05). Therefore, camellia oil has the potential to ameliorate ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury through the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Camellia/química , Etanol/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/lesões , Humanos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The current study evaluated the association between tea consumption and head and neck cancer (HNC) in Taiwan, where tea is a major agricultural product and a popular beverage. METHODS: Interviews regarding tea consumption (frequency, duration, and types) were conducted with 396 HNC cases and 413 controls. Unconditional logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of HNC risk associated with tea drinking, adjusted for sex, age, education, cigarette smoking, betel quid chewing, and alcohol drinking. RESULTS: A reduced HNC risk associated with tea drinking (OR for every cup per dayâ=â0.96, 95% CI: 0.93-0.99; OR for â§5 cups per dayâ=â0.60, 95% CI: 0.39-0.94) was observed. The association was especially significant for pharyngeal cancer (OR for every cup per dayâ=â0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.98; OR for â§5 cups per dayâ=â0.32, 95% CI: 0.16-0.66). A significant inverse association between HNC and tea consumption was observed particularly for green tea. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that tea drinking may reduce the risk of HNC. The anticancer property of tea, if proven, may offer a natural chemopreventive measure to reduce the occurrence of HNC.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/prevenção & controle , Chá , Quimioprevenção , Feminino , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/epidemiologia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Medição de Risco , Taiwan/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Polygonum cuspidatum is widely used as a medicinal herb in Asia. In this study, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of P. cuspidatum root were assayed for their 1,1-diphenyl-2-hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radical scavenging activities, total phenolics content, protective effect against DNA damage, and antiproliferative activity on human lung cancer cells. The ethanol and ethyl acetate (lipophilic phase) extracts of P. cuspidatum had significant scavenging effects on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. Total phenolics content of ethanol and ethyl acetate (lipophilic phase) extracts of P. cuspidatum were 276.78 +/- 39.31 and 231.73 +/- 5.04 mg/ml, respectively; both extracts protected against hydroxyl radical-induced DNA strand scission. Furthermore, the extracts of P. cuspidatum induced apoptosis and inhibited cell growth in A549 and H1650 cell lines, suggesting that P. cuspidatum root extracts exhibit an antiproliferative effect on human lung cancer cells.