RESUMO
Drug delivery through complex skin is currently being studied using various innovative structural and material strategies due to the low delivery efficiency of the multilayered stratum corneum as a barrier function. Existing microneedle-based or electrical stimulation methods have made considerable advances, but they still have technical limitations to reduce skin discomfort and increase user convenience. This work introduces the design, operation mechanism, and performance of noninvasive transdermal patch with dual-layered suction chamber cluster (d-SCC) mimicking octopus-limb capable of wet adhesion with enhanced adhesion hysteresis and physical stimulation. The d-SCC facilitates cupping-driven drug delivery through the skin with only finger pressure. Our device enables nanoscale deformation control of stratum corneum of the engaged skin, allowing for efficient transport of diverse drugs through the stratum corneum without causing skin discomfort. Compared without the cupping effect of d-SCC, applying negative pressure to the porcine, human cadaver, and artificial skin for 30 min significantly improved the penetration depth of liquid-formulated subnanoscale medicines up to 44, 56, and 139%. After removing the cups, an additional acceleration in delivery to the skin was observed. The feasibility of d-SCC was demonstrated in an atopic dermatitis-induced model with thickened stratum corneum, contributing to the normalization of immune response.
Assuntos
Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos/isolamento & purificação , Infecção Hospitalar/terapia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/terapia , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Enterococos Resistentes à Vancomicina/isolamento & purificação , Idoso , Roupas de Cama, Mesa e Banho/microbiologia , Clorexidina/administração & dosagem , Protocolos Clínicos , Vestuário , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/transmissão , Enema/métodos , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/transmissão , Microbiologia Ambiental , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal , Feminino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Higiene , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Quarentena , Pele/microbiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of cardanol in aqueous organic solvent was investigated in the presence of a redox mediator. Cardanol is a phenol derivative from a renewable resource mainly having a C15 unsaturated hydrocarbon chain with mostly 1-3 double bonds at a meta position. Unlike soybean peroxidase (SBP), it has been shown that horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is not able to perform oxidative polymerization of phenol derivatives having a bulky meta substituent such as cardanol. For the first time, redox mediators have been applied to enable horseradish peroxidase to polymerize cardanol. Veratryl alcohol, N-ethyl phenothiazine, and phenothiazine-10-propionic acid were tested as a mediator. It is surprising that the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of cardanol took place in the presence of N-ethyl phenothiazine or phenothiazine-10-propionic acid. However, veratryl alcohol showed no effect. FT-IR and GPC analysis of the product revealed that the structure and properties of polycardanol formed by HRP with a mediator were similar to those by SBP. This is the first work to apply a redox mediator to enzyme-catalyzed oxidative polymerization. Our new finding that oxidative polymerization of a poor substrate, which the enzyme is not active with, can take place in the presence of an appropriate mediator will present more opportunities for the application of enzyme-catalyzed polymerization.