RESUMO
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide. An increasing trend for prostate cancer incidence was observed in China. Enormous studies have been conducted to investigate the association between dietary factors and prostate cancer, however conflicted results were obtained. Red meat, processed meat, and dairy products consumption were reported to be associated with the increased prostate cancer risk, while tomatoes, soybeans and green tea might reduce the risk of prostate cancer occurance. However, no consensus could be reached without strong evidence. Furthermore, further studies are needed to investigate the association between vitamin and mineral supplements and prostate cancer risk. Some studies reported that men with higher dietary inflammatory index scores increased prostate cancer risk. There may be a long susceptible period when dietary factors affect prostate cancer risk, which poses challenges for collecting exposure and the follow-up. Measure bias and detection bias are the main reasons which impair the authenticity of studies on the relationship of dietary factors and prostate cancer risk. Researchers should apply various methods to measure participants' dietary consumption levels and ascertain essential outcomes, such as prostate cancer death. This article reviews updated epidemiological evidences on the association of dietary factors and prostate cancer, aims to benefit future nutritional epidemiology studies focus on the prostate cancer prevention.
Assuntos
Laticínios , Neoplasias da Próstata , China , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/etiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The aim of this paper was to study the specific mechanism of Fangji Huangqi Decoction(FHT) in decreasing uric acid and improving renal function in mice with hyperuricemia(HUA) induced by potassium oxonate, so as to provide theoretical basis for the research and development of drugs for clinical prevention and treatment of HUA and the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. Sixty Kunming male mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 10 mice in each group, namely normal group, model group(250 mg·kg~(-1) potassium oxonate), FHT high, medium and low-dose groups(10 920, 5 460, and 2 730 mg·kg~(-1)) and positive drug allopurinol group(5 mg·kg~(-1)). Drug administration was given once a day for 7 days. On the 6 th day, mice of each group were kept in metabolic cages, and their urine was collected for 24 hours for determination of uric acid, creatinine, and ß2-microglobulin(ß2-MG) levels. After 7 days, the animals were sacrificed to determine serum uric acid, creatinine ß2-MG and interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß) levels, and their liver and kidney tissues were collected. The liver tissues were used for subsequent determination of xanthine oxidase(XOD) activity, and the kidney tissues were used for subsequent determination of IL-1ß levels, pathological tests and related Western blot experiments. In the cell transfection experiment, the cells were divided into blank group, model group(4.8 mmol·L~(-1) uric acid treatment), FHT administration group(4.8 mmol·L~(-1) uric acid+200 µg·mL~(-1) FHT), leucine-rich repeat kinase 1(LRRK1)-small interfering RNA(siRNA) group(4.8 mmol·L~(-1) uric acid+LRRK1-siRNA transfection) and LRRK1-siRNA+FHT group(4.8 mmol·L~(-1) uric acid+LRRK1-siRNA transfection+200 µg·mL~(-1) FHT). After 24 h incubation, the level of IL-1ß in the cell supernatant was detected, and the cellular proteins were extracted and used to determine LRRK1, epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), PDZ kinase 1(PDZK1) and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) protein expression levels. The results showed that, FHT could significantly reduce the uric acid, creatinine and ß2-MG levels in serum and ß2-MG levels in urine, increase the uric acid and creatinine levels in urine, and improve the renal pathological results of the HUA mice, but showed no effect on liver XOD activity; at the same time, we found that the expression level of IL-1ß in serum and kidney, NF-κB, LRRK1 and EGFR protein levels in kidney of HUA mice were significantly increased, and the expression level of PDZK1 protein was significantly decreased, while FHT could significantly improve the abnormal expression of these proteins, and FHT increased protein expression of renal organic anion transporter 1(OAT1), OAT3 and ATP bin-ding transporter G2(ABCG2) in HUA mice, but FHT had no effect on the expression of urate transporter 1(URAT1). In the cell transfection experiment, after transfection of LRRK1-siRNA, the levels of IL-1ß, EGFR and NF-κB in supernatant were significantly reduced, and the expression of PDZK1 protein was significantly increased. As compared with the LRRK1-siRNA group, the levels of IL-1ß, EGFR, PDZK1 and NF-κB did not change significantly with the additional FHT. This study showed that FHT may regulate the renal uric acid transport system through LRRK1 gene, improve the capacity of uric acid excretion, so as to reduce the level of serum uric acid. At the same time, FHT can not only protect the kidney directly, but also in an indirect manner by reducing the level of uric acid.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Hiperuricemia , Animais , Hiperuricemia/tratamento farmacológico , Rim , Masculino , Camundongos , Ácido ÚricoRESUMO
Self-aggregates of octenylsuccinate oat ß-glucan (AOSG) have been verified as nanocapsules to load curcumin, a representative of hydrophobic phytochemicals. This study primarily investigated the stability of curcumin-loaded AOSGs over food processing, storage and digestive fluids. Curcumin in AOSGs showed better stability over storage and thermal treatment than its free form. Curcumin loaded in AOSGs stored at 4 °C in the dark exhibited higher stability than that at higher temperatures or exposed to light. Approximately 18% of curcumin was lost after five freeze-thaw cycles. Curcumin in AOSG was more stable than its free form in mimetic intestinal fluids, attesting to the effective protection of AOSG for curcumin over digestive environments. When curcumin-loaded AOSG travelled across mimetic gastric and intestinal fluids, curcumin was tightly accommodated in the capsule, while it rapidly escaped as the capsule reached the colon. Interestingly, the curcumin loaded in AOSG generated higher values of Cmax and area under the curve than did its free counterpart. These observations showed that AOSG is a powerful vehicle for stabilizing hydrophobic phytochemicals in food processing and storage, facilitating their colon-targeted delivery and enhancing their bioavailability.
Assuntos
Avena/química , Curcumina/química , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , beta-Glucanas/química , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cápsulas/química , Cápsulas/metabolismo , Curcumina/metabolismo , Composição de Medicamentos , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/instrumentação , Armazenamento de Medicamentos , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , TemperaturaRESUMO
Heat stress-induced reduction in feed intake is an annoyance of the poultry industry. Feed intake is regulated by complex mechanisms in which brain-gut neuropeptides are involved, but the changes in such neuropeptides in broiler chickens during heat exposure remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute heat stress (35°C, 6 h, and 65% relative humidity) on the gene expression of appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens at 42 d of age. The hypothalamic mRNA levels of neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, pro-opiomelanocortin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, corticotropin-releasing hormone, melanocortin 4 receptor, melanin-concentrating hormone, prepro-orexin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and ghrelin did not significantly change (P>0.05) in the heat-exposed broiler chickens. However, the mRNA levels of ghrelin in the glandular stomach, duodenum, and jejunum significantly increased and the mRNA level of CCK in the duodenum significantly decreased. The results indicate that acute heat stress had no effect on the gene expression of central appetite-regulating peptides under current experimental conditions; however, some gastrointestinal tract peptides (e.g., ghrelin and CCK) might play a role in the regulation of appetite in acute heat-exposed broiler chickens. Furthermore, ghrelin in the glandular stomach, duodenum, and jejunum might be the main regulative target of acute heat stress induced anorexia.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Neuropeptídeos/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiologia , Animais , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Hormônios/sangue , Masculino , Neuropeptídeos/genética , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To clearly clarify the protective effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency. METHODS: Three hundred sixty-two children in two kindergartens in Wuhan China were enrolled. Detailed dietary assessment and anthropometry were undertaken to facilitate the exclusion of malnourished children. Seventy vitamin A-deficient children with informed consent were randomly divided into the vitamin A-deficient-supplemented group and vitamin A-deficient placebo group, 35 vitamin A-sufficient children (age- and sex-matched with the vitamin A-deficient-supplemented group children) were selected as vitamin A-sufficient placebo group. The baseline and follow-up level of selected immune parameters of the 105 children in three intervention groups were compared. RESULTS: The total proportion of severe and marginal vitamin A-deficient children was 10.9 and 21.96%, respectively. At baseline, the serum complement C3 and sIgA level of vitamin A-sufficient children was significantly higher than that of vitamin A-deficient children (P < 0.05). However, the serum lysozyme level of vitamin A-sufficient children was inversely lower. After intervention, vitamin A-deficient-supplemented children increased serum vitamin A, complement C3 and sIgA level, but their serum lysozyme level inversely decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin A deficiency was still a serious health problem in children in China cities. Vitamin A supplementation was efficacious in ameliorating serum vitamin A status and partially impaired immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency.
Assuntos
Complemento C3/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Muramidase/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina A/imunologia , Vitamina A/sangue , Vitamina A/farmacologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Humanos , Imunidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Deficiência de Vitamina A/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina A/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiência de Vitamina A/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Development of the nervous system relies on stringent regulation of genes that are crucial to this process. TrkA, the receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF), is tightly regulated during embryonic development and is essential for the survival and differentiation of neural crest-derived sensory and sympathetic neurons. We have previously identified a mouse TrkA enhancer and have characterized several cis regulatory elements that are important for appropriate TrkA expression in vivo. We now report the cloning of a novel gene encoding a Kruppel-like factor from a mouse dorsal root ganglion expression library. This Kruppel-like factor, named mKlf7, binds specifically to an Ikaros core binding element that is crucial for in vivo TrkA enhancer function. Using in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that mKlf7 is coexpressed with TrkA in sensory and sympathetic neurons during embryogenesis and in adulthood. These data are consistent with the idea that mKlf7 may directly regulate TrkA gene expression in the peripheral nervous system.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Neurônios Aferentes/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Receptor trkA/genética , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/citologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Dedos de Zinco , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Sistema Nervoso Central/embriologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Clonagem Molecular , DNA Complementar , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Echinacoside, one kind of phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), was isolated from the stems of Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) R. Wight with a series of steps, including solvent extraction, D101 polymer adsorption column separation, Sephadex LH-20 separation, C18 column reversed-phase preparative high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-prep-HPLC) preparation and polyamide thin-layer chromatographic detection. The purity of the product was over 98%. The chemical structure of echinacoside was identified by 1H NMR and 13C NMR. To find out the optimum condition of mobile phase of RP-prep-HPLC, several systems were used in this work. Finally acetonitrile-1% HCOOH water (18:82, V/V) system was found to be the best. On the other hand D101 polymer adsorption column and Sephadex LH-20 were also effective for PhGs separation.
Assuntos
Cistanche/química , Glicosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Glicosídeos/química , Caules de Planta/químicaRESUMO
AIM: To study the metabolic process of phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) in the gastrointestine of beagle dogs that were administered intragastrially process, and develop some new methods of biopharmacology on the effective position of traditional Chinese medicine. METHODS: High-performance liquid chromatography was used to purify constituents from faeces and analyze relative contents of the three main compounds in the gastrointestinal tract at different times and in the faeces of dogs. Every sample was collected, extracted with methanol and analyzed with integration. RESULTS: Four compounds, based on reference substances, were identified as echinacoside, acteoside, isoacteoside, and 2'-acetylacteoside from extraction of faces of dogs. Quantitative "with HPLC" analysis reveals that variation of ratios of the three main compounds is not distinct when moving in the gastrointestinal tract 7 h, that is quite different from those in faeces, in which the content of echinacoside fell from 48.0% to 16.0%, and acteoside increased from 11.0% to 34.7%. CONCLUSION: PhGs are mainly metabolized in large intestine. Among them, a portion of echinacoside is transformed into aceteoside.
Assuntos
Glicosídeos/metabolismo , Intestino Grosso/metabolismo , Álcool Feniletílico/metabolismo , Animais , Cistanche/química , Cães , Fezes/química , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Glucosídeos/química , Glucosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Glicosídeos/química , Glicosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Álcool Feniletílico/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Investigating the effect of GLB7 on cAMP in murine peritoneal macrophages to provide a scientific evidence for the immunomodulatory mechanism. METHOD: Cell culture and radio-immunological assay of cAMP were used. RESULT: GLB7 increased the production of cAMP in a concentration and time dependent manner in murine peritoneal macrophages. CONCLUSION: The immunopotentiating effect of GLB7 may be due to the activation of macrophages that leads to the increase of cAMP.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Macrófagos Peritoneais/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Reishi/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Células Cultivadas , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Feminino , Macrófagos Peritoneais/citologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Plantas Medicinais/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
AIM: To study the effects of gypenosides (Gyp) on lymphocyte transformation and DNA polymerase II activity. METHODS: Lymphocyte transformation response was induced by concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharides respectively. The activity of DNA polymerase II and DNA synthesis were assayed with TTP and [3H]TdR incorporation respectively in mixed lymphocyte culture test. RESULTS: Gyp 2.5-20 mg L-1 enhanced splenic T- and B- cell transformation, increased the DNA synthesis and potentiated the activity of DNA polymerase II. However, Gyp > 40 mg L-1 showed contrary effects. CONCLUSION: Gyp regulated lymphocyte transformation and DNA synthesis by regulating DNA polymerase II activity.
Assuntos
DNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Saponinas/farmacologia , Baço/citologia , Animais , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Feminino , Teste de Cultura Mista de Linfócitos , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Saponinas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
A TLC-densitometric method for the determination of oesculetin in Semen Euphorbia lathyridis (Euphorbiae lathyrdis) was established, and esculetin content in Semen Euphorbia lathyridis from three different producing areas (Zhengzhou, Chengdu and Chongqing) was determined. The method is accurate, sensitive and simple. The recovery is 98.63% and the coefficient of variation is 1.59% (n = 5). The esculetin average contents in the three samples are 0.3013%, 0.2046% and 0.2094% respectively.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Umbeliferonas/análise , China , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Densitometria , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The activity of DNA polymerase alpha in splenocytes of 24-month-old mice was about 35.6% lower than that of 3-month-old mice. Aged mice were intraperitoneally administered Ganoderma polysaccharides (GL-B) once a day for 4 days and then the activity of the enzyme was assessed. The results showed that GL-B at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg-1 enhanced the activity of the enzyme in aged mouse splenocytes by 44.0 and 58.8% respectively. In addition, the mixed lymphocyte response to alloantigen, automatic proliferation and IL-2 production of splenocytes in aged mice declined as compared with that in young adult mice. GL-B (50, 100, 200 micrograms.ml-1) was found to restore those parameters to the levels of that of young mice in vitro.
Assuntos
DNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Polyporaceae , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Baço/imunologia , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Feminino , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Teste de Cultura Mista de Linfócitos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Polyporaceae/química , Baço/enzimologiaRESUMO
METHODS: 45 rats (150-200g) were divided into 9 groups. The experimental steps as follows: (1) injured left tibial nerve (group 1-8) and sham operation (group 9); (2) three days after operation, group 1, 3, 5 and 7 were stimulated with electro-acupuncture (EA) in Huantiao (+) and Sanyinjiao (-); (3) according to different survival time (group 1, 2/10 days, group 3, 4/15 days, group 5, 6/20 days, group 7, 8, 9/25 days), 48h before sacrifice, the left femoral nerve was cut, HRP was injected into the hypodermis of paw pad and gastrocnemius; (4) observe HRP labelled cells in the lumber sympathetic ganglia, ganglion spinale (L4-6) and cornu ventrale of spinal cord (L3-S3). RESULTS: EA 7 days, 2-5 labeled cells were only found in ganglion spinales of group 1; EA for 12 days, the more HRP labeled cells were observed in the lumber sympathetic ganglions (mean = 2.6), ganglion spinales (mean = 4.8) and cornu ventrale (mean = 6) of group 3 as compared with group 4 (P < 0.05); 25 days after operation, the quantity of labeled cells in group 8 was close to group 9. CONCLUSION: (1) EA promote the regeneration of three or more kinds of fibers in tibial nerve; (2) The regeneration velocity of sensory fibers was faster than sympathetic and somatic efferent fibers.
Assuntos
Eletroacupuntura , Regeneração Nervosa , Nervo Tibial/fisiologia , Animais , Eletroacupuntura/métodos , Peroxidase do Rábano Silvestre , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Nervo Tibial/lesõesRESUMO
UNLABELLED: This experiment was carried out on 35 rats with stereotaxic apparatus following a new coordinate which was designed by ourselves. The microelectrode was pushed into the lateral dorsal raphe nucleus (LDR) under direct vision. The neurons with regular rhythm and slow firing rate were searched by intracellular recording, then the singular cell in LDR was filled with HRP by intracellular iontophoresis. RESULTS: 7 HRP labelling neurons with serotoninergic firing characteristics were observed in LDR. The labelling dendrites were found in neighboured structure (periaqueductal gray, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus, 4th ventricle). This work demonstrated that LDR plays some role in acupuncture analgesia.
Assuntos
Nociceptores/fisiologia , Núcleos da Rafe/anatomia & histologia , Núcleos da Rafe/fisiologia , Serotonina/fisiologia , Potenciais de Ação , Animais , Peroxidase do Rábano Silvestre , Masculino , Neurônios/fisiologia , Ratos , Sinapses/fisiologia , Sinapses/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Foodstuffs produced and/or purchased locally were analyzed for Se. The effect of income and gender on Se intake and status of Utah County residents was evaluated by measurement of the following indicators: erythrocyte (RBC) and plasma Se concentration, and activity of Se-glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px) (EC 1.11.1.9) in RBCs, platelets, and plasma. A Random Digit Dialing procedure was employed to stratify subjects according to gender and annual family income (less than +10,000, +10,000-20,000, greater than +20,000) in a 2 x 3 factorial design, seven subjects per cell. The weekly consumption of 44 foods shown to contribute over 90% of the Se intake of U.S. subjects was recorded for each study participant. The estimated minimum daily intake for this sample was 76.0 +/- 4.5 micrograms Se/day (mean +/- SEM). Available grain products are not produced locally, and their Se content is lower than average values reported by the U.S.D.A. Locally produced meat and dairy products had higher than average Se contents. In spite of lower grain Se and higher meat Se concentrations, subjects in this study derived more Se from grain and dairy products, and less from meat products than did subjects in a nationwide sample. The Se status of Utah County residents is similar to several other populations in the United States. There were no significant differences in Se status or intake due to gender or income. The results suggest that consumption of other foods produced in a "high Se" area can maintain Se intake and status in spite of reduced consumption of meat products generally viewed as more reliable sources of dietary Se.