Sambucus williamsii Hance: A comprehensive review of traditional uses, processing specifications, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics.

OBJECTIVE: Sambucus williamsii Hance, belonging to the Sambucus L. family (Viburnaceae), possesses medicinal properties in its roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It is recognized for its ability to facilitate bone reunion, enhance blood circulation, remove stasis, and dispel wind and dampness. This traditional Chinese medicine holds significant potential for development and practical use. Hence, this paper offers an in-depth review of S. williamsii, covering traditional uses, processing guidelines, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics, aiming to serve as a reference for its further development and utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information for this study was gathered from various books, bibliographic databases, and literature sources such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Baidu Scholar, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, and Wanfang Data. RESULTS: Phytochemical investigations have identified approximately 238 compounds within the root bark, stem branches, leaves, and fruits of S. williamsii. These compounds encompass flavonoids, sugars, glycosides, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, phenols, phenolic glycosides, and other chemical constituents, with phenylpropanoids being the most prevalent. S. williamsii exhibits a wide range of pharmacological effects, particularly in promoting osteogenesis and fracture healing. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive review delves into the traditional uses, processing guidelines, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of S. williamsii. It provides valuable insights into this plant, which will prove beneficial for future research involving S. williamsii.

Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi: a review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology.

Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi is a perennial twining vine plant from the Polygonaceae family, which is a Chinese herbal medicine with great value for development and utilization. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi, as well as an outlook on the future research directions and development prospects of the plant. Data on Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi were obtained from different databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Baidu Academic, Wanfang Database, Google Academic, PubMed, Web of Science, SpringerLink, Wiley; books; standards; and Ph.D. and MSc theses. So far, 86 compounds have been identified from Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi, including anthraquinones, stilbenes, flavonoids, tannins, chromogenic ketones, organic acids and esters, lignans, isobenzofurans, alkaloids, naphthols, and others. Studies have found that Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, antitumor, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant effects. Clinically, Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi is very effective in the treatment of gastritis and chronic gastritis. Based on its traditional use, chemical composition, and pharmacological activity, Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi is a promising source of natural medicine in drug development.

Quality markers of Guchang Zhixie pills based on multicomponent qualitative and quantitative analysis combined with network pharmacology and chemometric analysis.

Traditional Chinese medicine Guchang Zhixie pills(GCZX) is one of the famous varieties of "Qin medicine" that has been extensively applied to treating irritable bowel syndrome(IBS). However, despite the acknowledged clinical advantages of GCZX there are significant constraints on its quality control and evaluation. The present study utilized UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS to analyze the chemical composition of GCZX. Additionally, network pharmacology approaches were utilized to explore the underlying mechanism by which blood components exert therapeutic effects in the treatment of IBS. Furthermore, the GCZX samples were evaluated for their quality on the basis of the qualitative results obtained from 25 batches of GCZX samples using fingerprinting; subsequently, multivariate statistical analysis methods were employed for further analysis. The results indicated the presence of 198 individual components. Among them, 17 prototype compounds were detected in the serum of rats that were administered with GCZX. The potential therapeutic mechanism of GCZX in the treatment of IBS may be associated with the modulation of the neurological system, the immunological system, and the inflammatory response. Moreover, a total of seven prominent peaks were identified after fingerprint analysis. The range of fingerprint similarity among the 25 batches of samples varied from 0.843 to 1.000. The application of chemometrics analysis successfully facilitated the categorical classification of 25 batches of GCZX into three distinct groups. Seven components hold significant importance and should be duly considered during the quality control process of GCZX. The present study can establish the Q-Markers of GCZX for IBS, thereby providing a foundation for investigating the theoretical underpinnings and elucidating the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of GCZX in the treatment of IBS.

Exploiting Substrate Diversity of NRPS Led to the Generation of New Sansanmycin Analogs.

Further exploration of substrate diversity of the sansaninycin biosynthetic pathway using available halogen- and methyl-phenylalanines led to the generation of diverse sansanmycin derivatives, either at the single C- or N-terminus alone or at both C- and N-termini. The structures of all of these derivatives were determined by MS/MS spectra, and amongst them, the structures of [2-Cl-Phe]-sansanmycin H (1) and [2-Cl-Phe]-sansanmycin A (2) were further identified by NMR. Both the C-terminal derivative I and the N-terminal derivative 2 were assayed for their antibacterial activitiesi and compound 1 exhibited moderate activity against P. aeruginosa and ΔtolC mutant E. coli.