Ruminant Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Nutritional and Therapeutic Opportunity?

Milk has been shown to contain a specific fraction of extracellular particles that are reported to resist digestion and are purposefully packaged with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to exert specific biological effects. These findings suggest that these particles may have a role in the quality of infant nutrition, particularly in the early phase of life when many of the foundations of an infant's potential for health and overall wellness are established. However, much of the current research focuses on human or cow milk only, and there is a knowledge gap in how milk from other species, which may be more commonly consumed in different regions, could also have these reported biological effects. Our review provides a summary of the studies into the extracellular particle fraction of milk from a wider range of ruminants and pseudo-ruminants, focusing on how this fraction is isolated and characterised, the stability and uptake of the fraction, and the reported biological effects of these fractions in a range of model systems. As the individual composition of milk from different species is known to differ, we propose that the extracellular particle fraction of milk from non-traditional and minority species may also have important and distinct biological properties that warrant further study.

The sensitivity of Demodex canis (Acari: Demodicidae) to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia - an in vitro study.

The essential oil of the Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) (tea tree oil) has been effective in previous studies, in the treatment of infestation by Demodex mites in humans. The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro acaricidal effect of this herbal medicine on Demodex canis. For the parasitological examination, samples were collected from a dog's skin and examined using optical microscopy. Only samples with intact mites and with evident movement of chelicerae and tarsi were selected. Twenty-one samples were tested with the oil, in seven different concentrations: 100%; 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25%; 5.0% and 3.13%. Three samples were tested with the positive control amitraz, and three with the negative control neutral shampoo. The interval between the time the solution was added and the moment the movement of the last mite ceased defined the survival time in the sample. By comparing the times at different concentrations and controls, the results showed that the higher the concentration of the oil, the more quickly its lethal effect occurred, and that the survival times in the controls were longer than in the different concentrations of melaleuca oil.

Inhibition of hypoxia-associated response and kynurenine production in response to hyperbaric oxygen as mechanisms involved in protection against experimental cerebral malaria.

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a multifactorial syndrome involving an exacerbated proinflammatory status, endothelial cell activation, coagulopathy, hypoxia, and accumulation of leukocytes and parasites in the brain microvasculature. Despite significant improvements in malaria control, 15% of mortality is still observed in CM cases, and 25% of survivors develop neurologic sequelae for life-even after appropriate antimalarial therapy. A treatment that ameliorates CM clinical signs, resulting in complete healing, is urgently needed. Previously, we showed a hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)-protective effect against experimental CM. Here, we provide molecular evidence that HBO targets brain endothelial cells by decreasing their activation and inhibits parasite and leukocyte accumulation, thus improving cerebral microcirculatory blood flow. HBO treatment increased the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor over hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α), an oxygen-sensitive cytosolic receptor, along with decreased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 expression and kynurenine levels. Moreover, ablation of HIF-1α expression in endothelial cells in mice conferred protection against CM and improved survival. We propose that HBO should be pursued as an adjunctive therapy in CM patients to prolong survival and diminish deleterious proinflammatory reaction. Furthermore, our data support the use of HBO in therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes of non-CM disorders affecting the brain.-Bastos, M. F., Kayano, A. C. A. V., Silva-Filho, J. L., Dos-Santos, J. C. K., Judice, C., Blanco, Y. C., Shryock, N., Sercundes, M. K., Ortolan, L. S., Francelin, C., Leite, J. A., Oliveira, R., Elias, R. M., Câmara, N. O. S., Lopes, S. C. P., Albrecht, L., Farias, A. S., Vicente, C. P., Werneck, C. C., Giorgio, S., Verinaud, L., Epiphanio, S., Marinho, C. R. F., Lalwani, P., Amino, R., Aliberti, J., Costa, F. T. M. Inhibition of hypoxia-associated response and kynurenine production in response to hyperbaric oxygen as mechanisms involved in protection against experimental cerebral malaria.

The intake of yam (Dioscorea bulbifera Linn) attenuated the hyperglycemia and the bone fragility in female diabetic rats.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic patients have a higher risk to osteoporotic fractures. Foods, such as yam, to oppose hyperglycemia, has been used to treatment of diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The goal was assess the role of Brazilian yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) on glycemia and bone parameters of female diabetic rats. METHODS: Female Wistar rats with 3 months age were allocated in three groups. Control group (C, n = 6), treated with normal fat diet. Diabetic rats treated with high-fat diet without (DM, n = 8) and with (DMY, n = 8) liofilized yam flour. After 5 weeks of the experiment, serum glucose and insulin, pancreas mass, number and area of pancreas islets were quantified. And femur parameters were analyzed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and computed tomography (CT). RESULTS: Differences were considered significant if P<0.05. Diabetic groups showed lower (P < 0.05): femur and pancreas mass, area of the pancreatic islets and insulin. However, DMY showed lower (-10%, P < 0.05) concentrations of glucose to DM group. Femur, by DXA, showed lower bone mineral density, content and area in the DM group. While the DMY group showed greater (+27%, P < 0.05) radiodensity of femoral head when compared to DM group. DISCUSSION: Brazilian yam flour supplement did not fix a defect, but alleviated the consequences of the experimental diabetic disease. It showed results to control the rise in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, suggesting protection in oxidative agents and postpone harm in the bone. CONCLUSION: Considering all the findings of the present study, our results suggest that yam flour does act producing benefits in the experimental diabetes.

Introducción: Los pacientes diabéticos tienen un mayor riesgo de fracturas osteoporóticas. Los alimentos, como el ñame, para oponerse a la hiperglucemia, se ha utilizado para el tratamiento de la diabetes. Objetivos: El objetivo era evaluar el papel de ñame brasileño (Dioscorea bulbifera) sobre la glucemia y el hueso parámetros de ratas diabéticas hembra. Métodos: Ratas Wistar hembra con 3 meses de edad fueron asignados en tres grupos. El grupo de control (C, n = 6), tratados con dieta normal de la grasa. Las ratas diabéticas tratadas con dieta alta en grasas y sin (DM, n = 8) y con (DMY, n = 8) harina de ñame liofilizado. Después se cuantificaron 5 semanas del experimento, la glucosa y la insulina en suero, la masa páncreas, el número y el área de islotes del páncreas. Y los parámetros de fémur fueron analizados por absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DXA) y la tomografía computarizada (CT). Resultados: Las diferencias se consideraron significativas si P < 0,05. Grupos diabéticos mostraron menor (P < 0,05): el fémur y la masa páncreas, el área de los islotes pancreáticos y la insulina. Sin embargo, DMY mostró inferior (-10%, P < 0,05) concentraciones de glucosa al grupo DM. Fémur, por DXA, mostró menor densidad mineral ósea, el contenido y el área en el grupo de DM. Mientras que el grupo DMY mostró mayor (27%, P < 0,05) radiodensidad de la cabeza femoral en comparación con el grupo de DM. Discusión: Suplemento de harina de ñame brasileña no fijó un defecto, pero alivia las consecuencias de la enfermedad diabética experimental. Se mostró resultados para controlar el aumento de los niveles de glucosa en sangre en ratas diabéticas, lo que sugiere la protección en agentes oxidantes y posponer daño en el hueso. Conclusión: Teniendo en cuenta todos los resultados de este estudio, nuestros resultados sugieren que la harina de ñame actúa de producir beneficios en la diabetes experimental.

The intake of Yam (Dioscorea bulbifera Linn) attenuated the hyperglycemia and the bone fragility in female diabetic rats / El consumo de Ñame (Dioscorea bulbifera Linn) atenuó la hiperglucemia y la fragilidad ósea en ratas diabéticas

Introduction: Diabetic patients have a higher risk to osteoporotic fractures. Foods, such as yam, to oppose hyperglycemia, has been used to treatment of diabetes. Objective: The goal was assess the role of Brazilian yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) on glycemia and bone parameters of female diabetic rats. Methods: Female Wistar rats with 3 months age were allocated in three groups. Control group (C, n = 6),treated with normal fat diet. Diabetic rats treated withhigh-fat diet without (DM, n = 8) and with (DMY, n = 8) liofilized yam flour. After 5 weeks of the experiment, serum glucose and insulin, pancreas mass, number and area of pancreas islets were quantified. And femur parameters were analyzed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) and computed tomography (CT).Results: Differences were considered significant ifP<0.05. Diabetic groups showed lower (P < 0.05): femur and pancreas mass, area of the pancreatic islets and insulin. However, DMY showed lower (-10%, P < 0.05)concentrations of glucose to DM group. Femur, by DXA, showed lower bone mineral density, content and area in the DM group. While the DMY group showed greater(+27%, P < 0.05) radiodensity of femoral head when compared to DM group. Discussion: Brazilian yam flour supplement did not fix a defect, but alleviated the consequences of the experimental diabetic disease. It showed results to control the rise in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, suggesting protection in oxidative agents and postpone harm in the bone. Conclusion: Considering all the findings of the present study, our results suggest that yam flour does act producing benefits in the experimental diabetes (AU)

Introducción: Los pacientes diabéticos tienen un mayor riesgo de fracturas osteoporóticas. Los alimentos, como el ñame, para oponerse a la hiperglucemia, se ha utilizado para el tratamiento de la diabetes. Objetivos: El objetivo era evaluar el papel de ñame brasileño(Dioscorea bulbifera) sobre la glucemia y el hueso parámetros de ratas diabéticas hembra. Métodos: Ratas Wistar hembra con 3 meses de edad fueron asignados en tres grupos. El grupo de control (C, n= 6), tratados con dieta normal de la grasa. Las ratas diabéticas tratadas con dieta alta en grasas y sin (DM, n = 8)y con (DMY, n = 8) harina de ñame liofilizado. Después se cuantificaron 5 semanas del experimento, la glucosa y la insulina en suero, la masa páncreas, el número y el área de islotes del páncreas. Y los parámetros de fémur fueron analizados por absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual(DXA) y la tomografía computarizada (CT).Resultados: Las diferencias se consideraron significativas si P < 0,05. Grupos diabéticos mostraron menor (P <0,05): el fémur y la masa páncreas, el área de los islotes pancreáticos y la insulina. Sin embargo, DMY mostró inferior (-10%, P < 0,05) concentraciones de glucosa al grupo DM. Fémur, por DXA, mostró menor densidad mineral ósea, el contenido y el área en el grupo de DM. Mientras que el grupo DMY mostró mayor (27%, P <0,05) radiodensidad de la cabeza femoral en comparación con el grupo de DM. Discusión: Suplemento de harina de ñame brasileña no fijó un defecto, pero alivia las consecuencias de la enfermedad diabética experimental. Se mostró resultados para controlar el aumento de los niveles de glucosa en sangre en ratas diabéticas, lo que sugiere la protección en agentes oxidantes y posponer daño en el hueso. Conclusión: Teniendo en cuenta todos los resultados de este estudio, nuestros resultados sugieren que la harina deñame actúa de producir beneficios en la diabetes experimental (AU)

Aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic, prevents the motor hyperactivity induced by psychotomimetics and psychostimulants in mice.

Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic that acts as a partial agonist at the dopamine D(2) receptor. It has been mainly investigated in dopamine-based models of schizophrenia, while its effects on glutamate-based paradigms have remained to be further characterized. Due to its unique mechanism of action, aripiprazole has also been considered as a replacement medication for psychostimulant abuse. Thus, in the present study we tested the hypothesis that aripiprazole would prevent the motor hyperactivity induced by psychostimulant and psychotomimetic drugs that act either by dopaminergic or glutamatergic mechanisms. Male Swiss mice received injections of aripiprazole (0.1-1 mg/kg) followed by drugs that enhance the dopamine-mediated neurotransmission, amphetamine (3 mg/kg) or cocaine (5 mg/kg), or by glutamate NMDA-receptor antagonists, ketamine (60 mg/kg) or MK-801 (0.4 mg/kg). Independent groups also received aripiprazole (0.1-1 mg/kg) or haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) and were tested for catalepsy. All doses of aripiprazole were effective in preventing the motor stimulant effects of amphetamine and cocaine. Moreover, the higher dose also prevented the effects of ketamine and MK-801. The present study reports the effects of aripiprazole in dopaminergic and glutamatergic models predictive of antipsychotic activity, suggesting that both may be useful for screening novel partial agonists with antipsychotic activity. It also shows that aripiprazole may prevent the acute effects of psychostimulant drugs without significant motor impairment.

A internação domiciliar e os desafios das relações interpessoais e interprofissionais / La internación en el domicilio e los desafíos de las relaciones interpesonales y interprofesionales / Home health care and the challenges in interpersonal and interprofessional relationship

Estudo acerca de Programas de Internação Domiciliar implantados na rede pública de saúde, procurando-se analisar as interações pessoais / profissionais e o trabalho estabelecido pela equipe. Estudo descritivo-exploratório de abordagem qualitativa cujos dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada a profissionais que atuam nos serviços de Internação Domiciliar e de análise dos documentos. Os resultados permitem reconhecer que, no domicílio, o cuidado caracteriza-se pela humanização das relações entre profissionais, ser cuidado e familiares/cuidadores, potencializando a subjetividade dos atores envolvidos. Apreendemos que a internação domiciliar apresenta desafios principalmente no que se refere à construção de um projeto terapêutico em comum. É possível visualizar potencialidades do cuidado domiciliar para garantir integralidade da assistência e ações usuário-centradas, caracterizando um novo modelo de atenção

This study on the Home Care Programs of the Public Health Care Network is linked to the discussions on the change of health care molels. It has the objective of analyzing the personal/professional interactions and the work process established by the home care program. It is an exploratory descriptive study focused on qualitative approach, anchored in historical dialectic materialism. The empirical data was obtained during the field work, using a semi-structured interview with seven professionals working in home care services and analyzing documents provided by the services. The results make it possible to affirm thet home care is marked by the humanization of the relations between professionals, the care given and family members/care givers, increasing the potential of the subjectivity of the actors involved. The multi-professional relations respect the specificity of each professional and the supplementarity of the work, favored by the co-responsibility in actions. We understand that care in the home in this kind of care presents challenges on interpersonal and inter-professional relations, mainly with regard to building a common therapeutic project and a network of relations between the various professionals, but it is possible to visualize potentialities toward holistic care and patient centered actions providing a new health care model

Estudia los Programas de Internación Domiciliaria implantados en la Red de servicios publicos de salud analizando las interaciones personales/profissionales y el trabajo en equipo. És un estudio descriptivo exploratorio que utiliza la abordaje cualitativa. Los datos fueram obtenidos de entrevistas com roteiro semi-estructurado aplicado a 7 professionales que actuam en los 3 servicios estudados e de analisis documental. Los resultados permitem reconecer que en el domicilio el cuidado es caracterizado por relaciones humanizadas entre los profissionales, el ser cuidado y los familiares/cuidadores, potencializando la subjetividade de los actores envolvidos en el cuidado. Apreendemos que la interación en el domicilio presenta desafios relacionados a la construcción de uno proyecto terapeutico comum de la equipo profissional, el cuidador, el ser cuidado y la familia. Es possible vizualizar potencialiades del cuidado en el domicilio para garantizar la integralidad de la atanción y de las acciones usuário-centradas, caracterizando un nuevo modelo assistencial