[Study on the image of fragrant plants in Wood section of Compendium of Materia Medica].

As a representative work of materia medica in the Ming Dynasty, the plant images attached to Compendium of Materia Medica retain the results of Li Shizhen's research on the original plants of medicinal materials in another form, which truly reflects the understanding and utilization of herbs in the Ming Dynasty.Taking the image of fragrant plants in Wood section in the book as an example, the original of the plants depicted in the images is examined to reveal the level of understanding of plant knowledge and medicinal properties in the Ming dynasty.Among the 25 images contained in the woody section, 20 images accurately depict the leaves, flowers and fruits of plants, and the description of the morphological details of the plant Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook. f. proves a high level of understanding of plant morphology and medicinal properties at the time. However, the errors of a total of 5 diagrams such as Wuyao and A wei also showed limitations. By comparing the results of the image with the medicinal properties contained in the text,it is clear that the level of understanding of medicinal properties is very high in the Ming dynasty, and the understanding of the medicinal properties of some plants is even higher than the understanding of their morphology.

[A case of acute fish gallbladder poisoning with multiple organ dysfunction].

Fish bile poisoning may damage human liver and kidney, causing degeneration and necrosis. Can also damage brain cells and heart muscle, resulting in nervous system and cardiovascular system lesions. This paper reports a case of a patient who developed multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) after oral administration of fish bile with Xiexin folk prescription for eye disease. In January 2020, he went to the poisoning and occupational diseases department of the emergency department of Qilu hospital. After receiving hemoperfusion, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and symptomatic support treatment, the patient was improved and discharged. CRRT combined with HP is one of the rapid and effective methods for the treatment of acute fish bile poisoning.

[The Xu's medical family from the Northern and Southern dynasties in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties].

The Xu's Medical Family, from the Northern and Southern Dynasties, was called an official family with medical background by Fan Xingzhun. Its genealogy was traced back to the end of the Sui Dynasty and the beginning of the Tang Dynasty. Based on the local chronicles, epitaphs, history books and relevant medical historical artifacts, this paper explores the development of the Xu's Medical Family in the Yuan and the Ming Dynasties. Most of the Xu's family members were appointed as medical officials locally after Xue Yueweng in the Yuan Dynasty. Xu Shu, Xu Biao, Xu Wei and Xu Wenyuan were appointed as Medical Ambassadors and the judges of Tai Yi Hospital in the Ming Dynasty. Xu Wei was appointed as the Right Tong Zheng in charge of the Tai Yi Hospital affairs in the period of Jia Jing, and promoted to the Chief of Taipu Department in the period of Wan Li in the Ming Dynasty. He was the highest-ranking official in the Xu's Medical Family in the Yuan and Ming dynasties. The Xu's Medical Family were a family of both officials and doctors, to some extent, related to the Yi-Hu System in both the Yuan and the Ming Dynasties. Some of the Xu's family members still took a career as a doctor, but did not serve as medical officers from the Qing Dynasty. Some of the Xu's decendants went into official careers via the Imperial Examination, such as Xu Shifen, as Deputy Minister of Hubu in the Qing Dynasty.

[Cheng Lin and his life].

Cheng Lin, a famous doctor in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, had a great reputation with his medical achievements. According to the prefaces and postscripts in a variety of books and local records, he was born earlier than 1616 and died later than 1700 in Huaitang in She Xian. He learned medicine from his uncle Cheng Jingtong when he was young. After that, he learned from the famous doctor Yu Chang. He visited Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Suzhou and Yangzhou, and made friends with many then celebrities, such as Zhou Lianggong, Lin Sihuan and You Tong. He left many medical writings, such as Yi Xia Zhi Yan, Jin Gui Yao Lue Zhi Jie and Sheng Ji Zong Lu Zuan Yao. He was also good at painting and seal cutting. His family, the Cheng's, in Huaitang in Xin'an, had many off-springs who became famous doctors, such as Cheng Jin, Cheng Jie, Cheng Yandao, and Cheng Yingmao, with their medical history continuing up to the present day.

[Clinical study of Chinese Medicine fumigation combined with "Zhuyuan Decoction" in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis].

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of "Zhuyuan soup" by combination with fumigation and oral administration on chronic rhinosinusitis（CRS）, further exploring effective Chinese medicine for the disease, and giving full play to the unique advantages of external treatment of traditional Chinese medicine. Method:By using randomized and positive drug controlled methods, patients with moderate-to-severe chronic rhinosinusitis were randomly divided into western medicine group and traditional Chinese medicine group, 30 cases in each group. In the western medicine group, the nasal spray hormone Budesonide was used, and the patients in the traditional Chinese medicine group were treated with the traditional Chinese medicine prescription"Zhuyuan soup"by combination with fumigation and oral administration. All of the above patients were followed up for 2 weeks, and 1 course for 1 month. Visual analogue scores were taken at each follow-up, and CT and nasal endoscopy were performed before and after treatment. Result:The total effective of "Zhuyuan soup" group was 67.1%, which was higher than that of western medicine group（59.6%）, but there was no statistically significant difference（P>0.05）. After treatment, there were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the symptom of nasal congestion, dizziness, facial pain or fullness, dysosmia, nasal discharge or postnasal drip, total sensation, total symptom score（P>0.05）. According to the total symptom score, the effect of the two groups of patients was not significantly correlated with the gender, age, course of disease, alcohol and tobacco hobbies, previous medication and surgery（P>0.05）. Based on the results of the study, we found that the Chinese medicine group is superior to the western medicine group in improving the total feeling of the disease, dizziness or headache, facial pain or fullness, and postnasal drip, olfactory disorder. Conclusion:Both traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine are effective methods for treating chronic rhinosinusitis. Clinically, individualized comprehensive treatment should be carried out according to the patient's condition. The above methods may be applied alone or in combination with Chinese and Western medicine. Further optimization and improvement of the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in chronic sinusitis can help improve the clinical efficacy and satisfaction of patients, which deserves further study.

[The raise and transformation of Bian Que's status from Song to Qing dynasty].

Bian Que rose from a common human being to animmortal worshipped by the people since Han dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Emperor Renzong of Song bestowed on Bian Que ShenYing Hou(Marquis), then ShenYing Gong(Duke), and built a temple for Bian Que. The Imperial Medical Service of Song enacted a law in which he was the god of the medical profession and a primary worship, with Qi Bo accompanied.After the downfall of the Northern Song dynasty, in the same way, Emperor Gaozong of Song also built the temple for Bian Que in Lin'an, the capital of Southern Song. And in the north, the physicians in Jin dynasty still worshiped Bian Que.But when it came to Yuan dynasty, The Three Sovereigns (Fu Xi, Shennong, Yellow Emperor) were regarded the Fathers of physicians, with ten famous physicians as subordinate worship, Bian Que was not among the them.At first, Ming dynasty followed Yuan, until the Jiajing reign, Bian Que became a subordinate worship, belonged to the new added 18 famous physicians. The Qing dynasty basically followed the Ming.In conclusion, Bian Que was considered as one of inheritors of medicine, and downgraded from primary worship to subordinate worship during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Effects of Bacillus fermentation on the protein microstructure and anti-nutritional factors of soybean meal.

This study evaluated the effects of Bacillus fermentation on soybean meal protein (SBMP) microstructure and major anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in soybean meal (SBM). The Bacillus siamensis isolate JL8 producing high yield of protease at 519·1 U g-1 was selected for the laboratory production of fermented soybean meal (FSBM). After 24 h fermentation, the FSBM showed better properties compared with those of SBM, the ANFs such as glycinin, ß-conglycinin and trypsin inhibitor significantly decreased by 86·0, 70·3 and 95·01%, while in vitro digestibility and absorbability increased by 8·7 and 18·9% respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of fermented soybean meal protein showed smaller aggregates and looser network than that of SBMP. Secondary structure examination of proteins revealed fermentation significantly decreased the content of ß-sheet structure by 43·2% and increased the random coil structure by 59·9%. It is demonstrated that Bacillus fermentation improved the nutritional quality of SBM through degrading ANFs and changing the microstructure of SBMP. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: There is limited information about the structural property changes of soybean protein during fermentation. In this study, physicochemical analysis of soybean meal protein showed evidence that the increase in in vitro digestibility and absorbability of fermented soybean meal reflected the decrease in ß-conformation and destruction of original structure in soybean meal protein. The results directly gained the understanding of nutritional quality improvement of soybean meal by Bacillus fermentation, and supply the potential use of Bacillus siamensis for fermented soybean meal production.

Establishment of a hepatocyte line for studying biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from a marine teleost, the white-spotted spinefoot Siganus canaliculatus.

A hepatocyte line was established from the liver of white-spotted spinefoot Siganus canaliculatus to study the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). The cells from the line, designated S. canaliculatus hepatocyte line (SCHL), grew and multiplied well in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)-F12 medium supplemented with 20 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES), 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0·5% rainbow trout Oncorhychus mykiss serum at 28° C, showing an epithelial-like morphology and the normal chromosome number of 48 (2n) and have been subcultured for over 60 passages. The identity of the hepatocytes was confirmed by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. The mRNA expression of all genes encoding the key enzymes for LC-PUFA biosynthesis including two desaturases (Δ4 Fad and Δ6-Δ5 Fad) and two elongases (Elovl4 and Elovl5), were detected in all cells from passages 5 to 60 and their expression levels became stable after passage 35 and showed responses to various PUFA incubation. This is similar to the situation determined in the liver of S. canaliculatus that were fed diets containing different fatty acids. These results indicated that SCHL was successfully established and can provide an in vitro tool to investigate lipid metabolism and regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in teleosts, especially marine species.

[Research on southward spreading of Hejian' Theory in the Yuan Dynasty].

Hejian' Theory was flourished in the Dading reign of the Jin Dynasty, while the doctors of the Southern Song Dynasty didn't know Hejian's Theory. As Southern Song was overthrown by the Yuan Dynasty, Hejian' Theory began to spread to the South. Hejian's descendants, disciples and those doctors studied this Theory personally all contributed to the Theory's spreading to the South in the Yuan Dynasty. In the meantime, Liu Hejian's descendants moved to Jiangxi province later as well as those studying the Theory personally also made similar contributions. His disciples, especially Jinshan Futu transmitted the Theory to Luo Zhiti, then to Zhu Danxi, all contributed to the southward diffusion too. The local medical officer who inherited the Theory expanded its influencing area. The inheritors' medical theory was not just limited to Hejian's Theory only, reflecting the academic progress at that time.

[A research on Confucian scholar practicing medicine at the turn of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties].

After the rising of the Yuan Dynasty by defeating the Jin and Southern Song Dynasties, there were huge influences on the life of the Confucian scholars. A large number of Confucian scholar practiced medicine actively or passively. They practiced medicine in order to live safely in war time; or turned into the officials, with only a few of them even became senior officials. Some Confucian scholars changed their household registration by using the medical profession, and improved the identity and status in the society. Some scholars were adherents of the Jin or Yuan Dynasties, and had to practice and hide their status secretly because there was no imperial examination at the early years of the Yuan Dynasty. A large amount of Confucian scholars did improve the overall academic level and quality of medicine at the end of Jin and early years of Yuan Dynasty, laying down a solid foundation for medical theory breakthrough and development.

Comparison of the effects of alendronate sodium and calcitonin on bone-prosthesis osseointegration in osteoporotic rats.

UNLABELLED: Alendronate (ALO) and calcitonin (CT), as commonly used antiosteoporosis drugs in current clinical practice, have been experimentally confirmed to produce the effectiveness of promoting osseointegration at the interface between prosthesis and host bone and enhancing the long-term stability of the prosthesis. Our current study compared these two drugs' effects on the osseointegration of prosthesis and found that both of them could promote bone attachment between prosthesis and host bone; moreover, ALO produced more pronounced effectiveness. INTRODUCTION: A series of findings confirmed that ALO and CT improved bone attachment of implant in animals. However, which one shows stronger effectiveness has not yet been reported by previous researches. Our study compared the effects of the two commonly used antiosteoporosis drugs on the bone-prosthesis osseointegration so as to provide valuable reference for current clinical options of medication. METHODS: Forty female SD rats aged 5 months were randomly set into A, B, C, and D groups. Except for group A, the others were ovariectomized to establish osteoporosis model (lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) decreased by 20% 4 weeks after ovariectomy). All the rats received prosthesis implantation at their tibial plateau. Then, the rats in groups C and D were given ALO (7 mg/kg/w) orally and CT (5 IU/kg/day) subcutaneously for 12 weeks, respectively. Prior to the execution, application of tetracycline hydrochloride for staining in vivo was done. After harvesting and embedding, the tibia with implants were cut into thin slides, then the bone histomorphometry was measured to observe the new bone around prosthesis and to calculate the osseointegration rate of the implants. By comparison, the effect of the two drugs on osseointegration was evaluated. RESULTS: (1) Both ALO and CT can effectively enhance the volume of bone mass surrounding the hydroxyapatite (HA) prosthesis and also significantly lever up osseointegration rate to 63.7% and 45.7%, respectively (p < 0.05). However, ALO produced more periprosthesis osseointegration rate than CT, with difference of 18% (p < 0.05). (2) The rats' lumber BMD increased in both ALO and CT groups, from 0.081 ± 0.009 and 0.078 ± 0.009 to 0.116 ± 0.008 and 0.109 ± 0.010 g/cm(2), respectively. Moreover, the effect of ALO was observed more pronounced than that of CT. CONCLUSIONS: In osteoporotic conditions, both administration of ALO orally and CT subcutaneously can enhance periprosthesis bone mass and the effects on osseointegration between host bone and prosthesis. Compared with CT, the effect of ALO is more pronounced.

Effects of temperature on the release of nutrient elements of solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation.

The effects of temperature on the release of chemical components of six solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation were investigated in this paper. The six materials were peat moss (PM), weathered coals (WC), charred rice husks (CRH), sawdust (Sd), turfgrass clippings (TC), and chicken manure (CM). Significant differences were observed in the available nitrogen and phosphorus content of the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The available nitrogen content in aqueous extracts of PM and WC at 25 degrees C was higher than that registered at 15 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Available nitrogen content in the aqueous extracts of CRH, Sd, TC, and WC at 35 degrees C was higher than at 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The available phosphorus content in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at 35 degrees C was higher than that available at 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C, with the exception of Sd. In addition, the release of available phosphorus in the aqueous solution of organic materials at different temperatures varied constantly for 108h. The release of potassium (K(+)) and sodium (Na(+)) ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials was basically steady over time, with the exception of CM. High temperature (35 degrees C) may significantly hasten the release of K(+) from organic substrates (except for WC) with low temperatures significantly inhibiting release of K(+) in Sd and CRH. High temperatures (35 degrees C) might significantly facilitate the release of Na(+) in CM and TC. However, no significant differences were manifested in the release of Na(+) from organic substrates at different temperatures, with the exception of CM and TC. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the release of calcium, magnesium and iron ions with time, nor were there any significant differences in the contents of iron ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The results indicate that multiple mediums should be pretreated in water for a week before being used for planting. They should be used when all mineral elements of organic materials are steady and ignoring the effect of organic mediums.

The reciprocal connections of endomorphin 1- and endomorphin 2-containing neurons between the hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarii in the rat.

In the CNS, endomorphin 1- and endomorphin 2-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies have been principally found both in the hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarii. Functionally, the hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarii are closely related in many aspects, especially in visceral functions. On the other hand, there are also many endomorphin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals in the two regions. In the present study, to investigate whether endomorphin 1-immunoreactive and endomorphin 2-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarii project reciprocally between these two regions, fluorescent retrograde labeling combined with immunofluorescence histochemical staining for endomorphin 1 and endomorphin 2 was used. After injection of Fluoro-Gold into the nucleus tractus solitarii of rats, endomorphin 1/Fluoro-Gold or endomorphin 2/Fluoro-Gold double-labeled neuronal cell bodies were predominantly observed in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a few of which were also observed in the posterior hypothalamic area and periventricular hypothalamic nucleus. After injection of Fluoro-Gold into the medial zone of hypothalamic tuberal region and the lateral hypothalamic area, respectively, endomorphin 1/Fluoro-Gold or endomorphin 2/Fluoro-Gold double-labeled neuronal cell bodies were found chiefly in the medial, commissural, lateral and gelatinous parts of the nucleus tractus solitarii. These results provide morphological evidence that there exist reciprocal endomorphinergic connections between the hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarii.

LFA-1 and ICAM-1 antibody-idarubicin conjugates separately prolong murine cardiac allograft survival.

Drug antibody conjugates can enhance the activity of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) and idarubicin-MoAb conjugates have led to tolerance induction with antibodies which are inactive when used alone. It has been reported that, in mice, antibodies to ICAM-1 and LFA-1 have to be used together to induce tolerance to cardiac allografts; here we show that these monoclonal antibodies, conjugated to idarubicin, can lead to tolerance induction to cardiac allografts when used alone.

Protein kinase C gamma-like immunoreactivity of trigeminothalamic neurons in the medullary dorsal horn of the rat.

We examined protein kinase C gamma-like immunoreactivity (PKCgamma-LI) of trigeminothalamic neurons in the rat medullary dorsal horn (MDH) after injecting a retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold (FG), into the thalamus. Over 90% of FG-labeled neurons in the marginal layer (lamina I) and a few FG-labeled neurons in the superficial part of the magnocellular layer (lamina III) showed PKCgamma-LI. No PKCgamma-neurons in the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) were labeled with FG. PKCgamma-mediated regulation of trigeminothalamic neurons may contribute to the changes in MDH activity during persistent pain.

Calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive projection neurons in the caudal subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat.

It has been reported that calcium-binding proteins are good markers for different sets of neurons in various brain regions. We examined expression of the main calcium-binding proteins in projection neurons in the rat medullary dorsal horn (MDH) by combining immunofluorescence histochemistry for calbindin D28k (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) with the retrograde tract-tracing method. A fluorescence tracer, tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine (TMR-DA), was injected into the parabrachial, thalamic or hypothalamic region. After such injections, a number of PV-, CR-, and/or CB-immunoreactive MDH neurons were labeled retrogradely with TMR-DA. Triple-immunofluorescence histochemistry further revealed that a number of CB-, CR-, or PV-immunoreactive TMR-DA-labeled MDH neurons showed immunoreactivity for substance P receptor (NK1), and that they expressed immunoreactivity for c-fos protein in the rats which were injected with formalin into the lips. Thus, it was indicated that some of CB-, CR-, or PV-containing projection neurons in the MDH might be involved in the transmission of nociceptive stimuli.

A cytotoxic triterpene saponin from the root bark of Aralia dasyphylla.

A novel triterpene saponin (1) was isolated from an ethanol extract of the root bark of Aralia dasyphylla. Its structure was elucidated as 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)]-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl- ole anolic acid-28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, according to spectral and chemical evidence. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxic activity against KB and Hela-S(3) cells.

Preprodynorphin-like immunoreactivity in medullary dorsal horn neurons projecting to the thalamic regions in the rat.

Preprodynorphin (PPD)-like immunoreactive (-LI) neuronal cell bodies in the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex of the rat were found in laminae I and II of the medullary dorsal horn (MDH; caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus) and the paratrigeminal nucleus. A PPD immunofluorescence histochemistry combined with a fluorescence retrograde tract-tracing method revealed that some of the PPD-LI neurons in the MDH and paratrigeminal nucleus projected to the thalamic regions. Nociceptive nature of the PPD-LI MDH neurons projecting to the thalamic regions was also demonstrated by a triple labeling method, using the technique of the noxious stimulus-evoked expression of the immediate-early gene, c-fos. In the rats which were subcutaneously injected with formalin into the upper and lower lips, c-fos protein (Fos) was found in PPD-LI neurons which were labeled with a retrograde tracer injected into the thalamic regions.

Influence of tyrosine and phenylalanine limitation of cytotoxicity of chimeric TGF-alpha toxins on B16BL6 murine melanoma in vitro.

Previous research in animals supports the use of tyrosine and phenylalanine (Tyr-Phe) restriction as an adjuvant to the treatment of cancer. In this regard, dietary restriction of Tyr-Phe specifically inhibits the growth of B16BL6 melanoma tumors, dramatically suppresses spontaneous hematogenous metastasis, and modulates the sensitivity of these tumor cells to growth factors. Two chimeric toxins, HB-TGF alpha-PE4EKDEL and TGF alpha-PE4EKDEL, were examined for their toxicity against the B16BL6 melanoma cell line, and the ability of Tyr-Phe limitation to modulate the potential of these toxins was examined. Tyr-Phe limitation significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of HB-TGF alpha-PE4EKDEL approximately 10-fold toward B16BL6 melanoma, and free heparin diminished the cytotoxicity of HB-TGF alpha-PE4EKDEL. Although TGF alpha-PE4EKDEL is cytotoxic to this cell line, Tyr-Phe limitation did not effect the cytotoxicity of this toxin. Tyr-Phe limitation inhibited the synthesis and secretion of heparin-binding proteins but did not alter the expression of surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. These data suggest that cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan is a target for binding and execution of the cytotoxicity of HB-TGF alpha-PE4EKDEL and that augmentation of cytotoxicity by Tyr-Phe limitation is due to the inhibition of heparin-binding protein production.

Combination therapy of active hexose correlated compound plus UFT significantly reduces the metastasis of rat mammary adenocarcinoma.

Synergistic effects of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) extracted from mushroom on the treatment with UFT against mammary adenocarcinoma, SST-2 cells, in congenitally T cell-depressed spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were observed. AHCC plus UFT had slight but significant effects on the growth of primary tumors. Pulmonary metastases were not inhibited by the treatment with AHCC plus UFT, whereas metastases to axillary lymph nodes (LN) were obviously inhibited. Combination of AHCC plus UFT showed similar synergistic anti-metastatic effects in SHR rats with accelerated pulmonary metastases following the surgical removal of the primary tumors. In vitro studies demonstrated that AHCC plus UFT enhanced the NK cell activity in tumor-bearing rats, whereas UFT alone depressed the NK cell activity. AHCC plus UFT also enhanced the NO production and cytotoxicity of peritoneal macrophages. In addition, AHCC restored the suppressed mRNA expression of interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced by the chemotherapy. Taken together, the combination of AHCC plus UFT brought about good therapeutic effects not only on primary tumor growth but also on reducing metastasis and these effects were mediated by host immunity which was restored or activated by AHCC. AHCC may be a good candidate for a biological response modifier.