RESUMO
Cis-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid (HCUA), a triterpenoid compound, was purified from Elaeagnus oldhamii Maxim. This traditional medicinal plant has been used for treating rheumatoid arthritis and lung disorders as well as for its anti-inflammation and anticancer activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-proliferative and apoptotic-inducing activities of HCUA in oral cancer cells. HCUA exhibited anti-proliferative activity in oral cancer cell lines (Ca9-22 and SAS cells), but not in normal oral fibroblasts. The inhibitory concentration of HCUA that resulted in 50% viability was 24.0 µM and 17.8 µM for Ca9-22 and SAS cells, respectively. Moreover, HCUA increased the number of cells in the sub-G1 arrest phase and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in both oral cancer cell lines, but not in normal oral fibroblasts. Importantly, HCUA induced p53-mediated transcriptional regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bak, Bim, Noxa, and PUMA), which are associated with mitochondrial apoptosis in oral cancer cells via the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. HCUA triggered the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was ascertained to be involved in HCUA-induced apoptosis by the ROS inhibitors YCG063 and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. As a result, HCUA had potential antitumor activity to oral cancer cells through eliciting ROS-dependent and p53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. Overall, HCUA could be applicable for the development of anticancer agents against human oral cancer.
RESUMO
Elaeagnus oldhamii Maxim. is a commonly used traditional herbal medicine. In Taiwan the leaves of E. oldhamii Maxim. are mainly used for treating lung disorders. Twenty five compounds were isolated from the leaves of E. oldhamii Maxim. in the present study. These included oleanolic acid (1), 3-O-(Z)-coumaroyl oleanolic acid (2), 3-O-(E)-coumaroyl oleanolic acid (3), 3-O-caffeoyl oleanolic acid (4), ursolic acid (5), 3-O-(Z)-coumaroyl ursolic acid (6), 3-O-(E)-coumaroyl ursolic acid (7), 3-O-caffeoyl ursolic acid (8), 3ß, 13ß-dihydroxyolean-11-en-28-oic acid (9), 3ß, 13ß-dihydroxyurs-11-en-28-oic acid (10), uvaol (11), betulin (12), lupeol (13), kaempferol (14), aromadendrin (15), epigallocatechin (16), cis-tiliroside (17), trans-tiliroside (18), isoamericanol B (19), trans-p-coumaric acid (20), protocatechuic acid (21), salicylic acid (22), trans-ferulic acid (23), syringic acid (24) and 3-O-methylgallic acid (25). Of the 25 isolated compounds, 21 compounds were identified for the first time in E. oldhamii Maxim. These included compounds 1, 4, 5 and 8-25. These 25 compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against the growth of non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells by the MTT assay, and the corresponding structure-activity relationships were discussed. Among these 25 compounds, compound 6 displayed the best activity against the A549 cell line in vitro (CC50=8.56±0.57 µg/mL, at 48 h of MTT asssay). Furthermore, compound 2, 4, 8 and 18 exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against the A549 cell line with the CC50 values of less than 20 µg/mL at 48 h of MTT asssay. These five compounds 2, 4, 6, 8 and 18 exhibited better cytotoxic activity compared with cisplatin (positive control, CC50 value of 14.87±1.94 µg/mL, at 48 h of MTT asssay). The result suggested that the five compounds might be responsible for its clinical anti-lung cancer effect.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Elaeagnaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Cisplatino/farmacologia , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Extratos Vegetais/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
We investigated possible mechanisms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract from the leaf of Elaeagnus oldhamii Maxim. (EO(MeOH)). EO(MeOH) was evaluated for its analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test, and anti-inflammatory effect was examined by λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema assay. We detected the activities of GPx, GRd and SOD in the liver, and the levels of inflammatory mediators including IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, MDA and NO in the edema paw to investigate the mechanism of action against inflammation. Total polyphenol, flavonoid and flavanol contents of EO(MeOH) were detected to explore its antioxidant activities. Results showed that, in the analgesic test, EO(MeOH) decreased acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time in the late phase of formalin test. In the anti-inflammatory test, EO(MeOH) decreased paw edema at the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th h after λ-carrageenan had been injected. EO(MeOH) increased the activities of SOD and GPx in liver tissue and decreased MDA, NO, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2 levels in paw edema tissue at the 3rd h after λ-carrageenan-induced inflammatory reaction. EO(MeOH) exhibited abundant polyphenol, flavonoid and flavanol contents. In HPLC fingerprint test of EO(MeOH), two index ingredients, ursolic acid and pomolic acid, were isolated from EO(MeOH) and were exhibited in HPLC chromatographic analysis. The results demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of EO(MeOH). It was indicated that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of EO(MeOH) may be due to declined levels of NO and MDA in the edema paw through increasing the activities of SOD, GPx and GRd in the liver. Additionally, EO(MeOH) decreased IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2 levels in the edema paw. The results suggested its value in future development of herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Elaeagnaceae/química , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Polifenóis/uso terapêutico , Ácido Acético , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Carragenina , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/análise , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacologia , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/uso terapêutico , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/uso terapêutico , Flavonóis/análise , Flavonóis/farmacologia , Flavonóis/uso terapêutico , Formaldeído , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Ácido Oleanólico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Oleanólico/análise , Ácido Oleanólico/farmacologia , Ácido Oleanólico/uso terapêutico , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Polifenóis/análise , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Triterpenos/análise , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Triterpenos/uso terapêutico , Ácido UrsólicoRESUMO
This study investigated possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the methanol extract of Ficus pumila (FP(MeOH)). Analgesic effects were evaluated in two models including acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced paw licking. The results showed FP(MeOH) decreased writhing response in the acetic acid assay and licking time in the formalin test. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by λ-carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema and histopathological analyses. FP(MeOH) significantly decreased the volume of paw edema induced by λ-carrageenan. Histopathologically, FP(MeOH) abated the level of tissue destruction and swelling of the edema paws. This study indicated anti-inflammatory mechanism of FP(MeOH) may be due to declined levels of NO and MDA in the edema paw through increasing the activities of SOD, GPx, and GRd in the liver. Additionally, FP(MeOH) also decreased the level of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1ß, TNF-α, and COX-2. HPLC fingerprint was established and the contents of three active ingredients, rutin, luteolin, and apigenin, were quantitatively determined. This study provided evidence for the classical treatment of Ficus pumila in inflammatory diseases.