Aminoglycoside-mimicking carbonized polymer dots for bacteremia treatment.

Bacteremia and associated bacterial sepsis are potentially fatal and occur when the host response to microbial invasion is impaired or compromised. This motivated us to develop carbonized polymer dots (CPDsMan/AA) from a mixture of mannose (Man) and positively charged amino acids [AAs; lysine, arginine (Arg), or histidine] through a one-step mild pyrolysis procedure, which effectively inhibited drug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from septic patients. The as-prepared CPDsMan/AA showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, including multidrug-resistant bacteria, even in human plasma. The minimal inhibitory concentration of CPDsMan/Arg is ca. 1.0 µg mL-1, which is comparable to or lower than those of other tested antibiotics (e.g., ampicillin, gentamicin, and vancomycin). In addition to directly disrupting bacterial membranes, the CPDsMan/Arg feature a structure similar to aminoglycoside antibiotics that could bind to 16S rRNA, thereby blocking bacterial protein synthesis. In vitro cytotoxic and hemolytic assays demonstrated the high biocompatibility of the CPDsMan/AA. In addition, in vivo studies on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected mice treated with the CPDsMan/Arg showed a significant decrease in mortality-even better than that of antibiotics. Overall, the synthesis of the CPDsMan/AA is cost-efficient, straightforward, and effective for treating bacteremia. The polymeric features of the CPDsMan/Arg, including cationic charges and specific groups, can be recognized as a safe and broad-spectrum biocide to lessen our reliance on antibiotics to treat systemic bacterial infections in the future.

Estimation of tea catechin levels using micellar electrokinetic chromatography: a quantitative approach.

A simple, inexpensive micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method with UV detection was used to determine seven catechins and one xanthine (caffeine) in tea. All the compounds were successfully separated (15kV) within a 15-min migration period with a high number of theoretical plates (>8.0×10(4)) in a running buffer (pH 7) containing 10mmoll(-1) sodium tetraborate, 4mmoll(-1) sodium phosphate, and 25mmoll(-1) SDS. The regression lines of all standard catechins were linear within the range of 0.03-4µgml(-1). Green tea infused at 95°C for 10min showed higher levels of catechins (especially epigallocatechin galate, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin) than tea infused at 80°C. In addition, major differences were observed in the levels of catechins in the first and second infusions (both brewed at 95°C for 10min). Finally, green tea leaves were infused separately with tap water, deionised water, spring water, reverse osmosis water, and distilled water at 95°C, and the catechin content of the infusions was investigated by the proposed method. In the infusion brewed with tap water, catechins appeared to be epimerisation from the epistructure to the nonepistructure. This epimerisation may take place more readily in tap water than in distilled water owing to the complexity of the ions present in tap water.

Capillary electrophoretic separation of biologically active amines and acids using nanoparticle-coated capillaries.

This manuscript describes dynamic coating of capillaries with poly(L-lysine) (PLL) and silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) and use of the as-prepared capillaries for the separation of biogenic amines and acids by CE in conjunction with LIF detection. The directions of EOF are controlled by varying the outmost layer of the capillaries with PLL and SiO2 NPs, respectively. Over the pH range 3.0-5.0, the (PLL-SiO2NP)n-PLL capillaries have an EOF toward the anodic end and are more suitable for the separation of acids with respect to speed, while the (PLL-SiO2NP)n capillaries have an EOF toward the cathodic end and are more suitable for the separation of biogenic amines regarding speed and sensitivity. The separations of standard solutions containing five amines and two acids by CE with LIF detection using (PLL-SiO2NP)2-PLL and (PLL-SiO2NP)3 capillaries were accomplished within 10 and 7 min, providing plate numbers of 3.8 and 5.0x10(4) plates/m for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), respectively. The LODs for 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) are 32 and 2 nM and 0.2 and 1.5 nM when using the (PLL-SiO2NP)2-PLL and (PLL-SiO2NP)3 capillaries, respectively. Identification and quantification of 5-HIAA, homovanillic acid, and DL-vanillomandelic acid in urine samples from a male before and after drinking green tea were tested to validate practicality of the present approach. The results show that the (PLL-SiO2NP)2-PLL capillary provides greater resolving power, while the (PLL-SiO2NP)3 capillary provides better sensitivity, higher efficiency, and longer durability for the separation of the amines and acids.