Light exposure and its applications in human health.

Light exposure has been proven to have a significant impact on human health. As a result, researchers are increasingly exploring its potential benefits and drawbacks. With advancements in understanding light and the manufacturing of light sources, modern health lighting has become widely utilized in daily life and plays a critical role in the prevention and treatment of various illnesses. The use of light in healthcare is a global trend, with many countries actively promoting the development and application of relevant scientific research and medical technology. This field has gained worldwide attention and support from scientists and doctors alike. In this review, we examine the application of lighting in human health and recent breakthroughs in light exposure related to pathology, therapeutic strategies, molecular changes, and more. Finally, we also discuss potential future developments and areas of application.

Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli by 405 nm and 450 nm light-emitting diodes: Comparison of continuous wave and pulsed light.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial blue light (ABL) therapy is one of the novel non-antibiotic approaches and recent studies showed the potential of pulsed ABL. PURPOSE: Comparing photoinactivation effect of continuous wave (CW) and pulsed blue light and investigating the impact of varying light parameters. METHODS: E. coli cells in planktonic were treated with CW and pulsed light (405 nm and 450 nm) at 60 mW/cm2, and the samples were taken to assess survival, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, damage of cell membrane and metabolic activity. Further, a ROS scavenger was used to find the role of ROS played in ABL therapy. RESULTS: E. coli was more sensitive to 405 nm light and the photoinactivation was dose-dependent. Pulsed 405 nm light showed the better antimicrobial effect on E. coli and caused increasing damage of cell membrane. It might be attributed to the ROS production in bacteria. CONCLUSION: Pulsed light has a potential of improving the efficacy of ABL therapy and is worth to be explored deeply further.

The Parameters Affecting Antimicrobial Efficiency of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy: A Review and Prospect.

Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) therapy is a novel non-antibiotic antimicrobial approach which works by generating reactive oxygen species. It has shown excellent antimicrobial ability to various microbial pathogens in many studies. However, due to the variability of aBL parameters (e.g., wavelength, dose), there are differences in the antimicrobial effect across different studies, which makes it difficult to form treatment plans for clinical and industrial application. In this review, we summarize research on aBL from the last six years to provide suggestions for clinical and industrial settings. Furthermore, we discuss the damage mechanism and protection mechanism of aBL therapy, and provide a prospect about valuable research fields related to aBL therapy.

The pulse light mode enhances the effect of photobiomodulation on B16F10 melanoma cells through autophagy pathway.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is the use of low irradiance light of specific wavelengths to generate physiological changes and therapeutic effects. However, there are few studies on the effects of PBM of different LED light modes on cells. Here, we investigated the difference of influence between continuous wave (CW) and pulse-PBM on B16F10 melanoma cells. Our results suggested that the pulse mode had a more significant PBM than the CW mode on B16F10 melanoma cells. Our study confirmed that ROS and Ca2+ levels in B16F10 melanoma cells treated with pulse-PBM were significantly higher than those in the control and CW-PBM groups. One mechanism that causes the difference in CW and pulse-PBM action is that pulse-PBM activates autophagy of melanoma cells through the ROS/OPN3/Ca2+ signaling pathway, and excessive autophagy activation inhibits proliferation and apoptosis of melanoma cells. Autophagy may be one of the reasons for the difference between pulse- and CW-PBM on melanoma cells. More importantly, melanoma cells responded to brief PBM pulses by increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels.

Progress of phototherapy for osteosarcoma and application prospect of blue light photobiomodulation therapy.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor that mainly affects the pediatric and adolescent population; limb salvage treatment has become one of the most concerned and expected outcomes of OS patients recently. Phototherapy (PT), as a novel, non-invasive, and efficient antitumor therapeutic approach including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), has been widely applied in superficial skin tumor research and clinical treatment. OS is the typical deep tumor, and its phototherapy research faces great limitations and challenges. Surprisingly, pulse mode LED light can effectively improve tissue penetration and reduce skin damage caused by high light intensity and has great application potential in deep tumor research. In this review, we discussed the research progress and related molecular mechanisms of phototherapy in the treatment of OS, mainly summarized the status quo of blue light PBMT in the scientific research and clinical applications of tumor treatment, and outlooked the application prospect of pulsed blue LED light in the treatment of OS, so as to further improve clinical survival rate and prognosis of OS treatment and explore corresponding cellular mechanisms.

The review of the light parameters and mechanisms of Photobiomodulation on melanoma cells.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) uses low-intensity visible or near-infrared light to produce beneficial effects on cells or tissues, such as brain therapy, wound healing. Still there is no consistent recommendation on the parameters (dose, light mode, wavelength, irradiance) and protocols (repetition, treatment duration) for its clinical application. Herein, we summarize the current PBM parameters for the treatment of melanoma, and we also discuss the potential photoreceptors and downstream signaling mechanisms in the PBM treatment of melanoma cells. It is hypothesized that PBM may inhibit the melanoma cells by activating mitochondria, OPNs, and other receptors. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, PBM has been shown to be beneficial in treating melanoma. Through further in-depth studies of the underlying potential mechanisms, it can strengthen the applications of PBM for the therapy of melanoma.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of gene expression patterns on B16F10 melanoma cells under Photobiomodulation of different light modes.

Cutaneous melanoma is one of the aggressive cancers. Recent studies have shown that Photobiomodulation (PBM) can inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells. However, it is not clear that the effect of PBM light mode on the inhibition of melanoma cells. Herein, we investigated the difference of influence between continuous wave (CW) and Pulse PBM on B16F10 melanoma cells. Our results suggested that Pulse mode had a more significant inhibition on the viability of B16F10 melanoma cells than CW mode under the PBM light parameter of wavelength, dose, and average irradiance at 457 nm, 1.14 J/cm2, and 0.19 mW/cm2. Besides, we revealed the differentially expressed genes of B16F10 melanoma cells under the various treatments of PBM light mode (not PBM treatment, CW mode, and Pulse mode) by RNA sequencing. Together, our data suggested that Pulse-PBM can improve the effect of PBM on cells significantly and there may be different molecular mechanisms between Pulse and CW mode including anti-proliferative and cell necrosis. The study shed new light on investigating the molecular mechanisms of various PBM light modes on B16F10 melanoma cells.

Pediatric Tuina (massage) for primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis is one of the common diseases of preschool and school-age children and it will cause adverse effects on the healthy growth. Pediatric Tuina (massage) has been widely used in the treatment of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in China. The study is conducted to summarize the current evidence on the effects and safety of Pediatric Tuina (massage) therapy for the treatment of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children. METHODS: The following electronic databases will be searched from establishment to December, 2019: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan-fang database, Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Databases (CBM), and other databases, without any language restrictions. Randomized controlled trials about this theme will be retrieved. Independent reviewers will operate literature retrieval, duplication removing, screening, quality evaluation, data analyses by EndNote (X9), and Review Manager (5.3). Meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, and/or descriptive analysis will be performed based on the included data form. RESULTS: High-quality synthesis and/or descriptive analysis of current evidence will be provided from improvement of nocturia frequency, improvement of sleep wakefulness disorder, and total efficiency. CONCLUSION: This review will provide evidence of whether Pediatric Tuina (massage) is an effective and safe intervention for primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children. TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This protocol of systematic review has been registered on PROSPERO website (No. CRD42020165107).

RNA-Seq analysis revealed the molecular mechanisms of photobiomodulation effect on human fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND: The photobiomodulation (PBM) effect has been applied to various clinical therapy for a long time. However, the mechanism related to the PBM effect in terms of wavelengths has been lack of in-depth study, except that ultraviolet radiation has attracted much attention due to its strong cell-killing effect. PURPOSE: To clarify the principle behind PBM and the main mechanism of improvement. METHODS: To carry on this study, we created light equipment using three LED chips, which emit 390 nm ultraviolet radiation, 415 nm blue light and 660 nm red light, respectively. We choose human fibroblasts (HF) to be irradiated by three different wavelengths for PBM test. In this study, we used cell counting kit (CCK-8) test to show the cell proliferation roughly and reported on a systematic RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis at transcriptional expression levels from HF, which accepted PBM of different wavelengths of light. RESULTS: We found that 415 nm blue light inhibited cell proliferation and 660 nm red light stimulated cell proliferation while 390 nm ultraviolet radiation has little influence on cell proliferation. Furthermore, RNA-seq results showed that CSF1R, PPP3CC, ITGAL, ITGAM, IL2RB, and several other differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in the cell proliferation. Relative DEGs values for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) gene family have shown a great difference in blue and red light radiation especially on MMP25, MMP9, MMP21, and MMP13. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the results provide a valuable resource to describe the variation of HFs under PBM of different light at gene level.

Effect of laser acupuncture on disuse osteoarthritis: an ultrasound biomicroscopic study of patellar articular cartilage in rats.

To investigate the effect of laser acupuncture (LA) on disuse changes in articular cartilage using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), Eighteen rats were randomly divided into the control group (C), the tail-suspended group (T), and the tail-suspended with LA treatment group (L). During 28-day suspension period, group L were treated with LA at acupoints on the left hindlimb while group T had a sham treatment. Ultrasound roughness index (URI), integrated reflection coefficient (IRC), integrated backscatter coefficient (IBC), cartilage thickness, and ultrasonographic score (US) of articular cartilage at patella were measured by using an ultrasound biomicroscopy system (UBS). Compared with the group C, URI significantly (P < 0.01) increased by 60.9% in group T, increased by 38.1% in group L. In addition, unloading induced a significant cartilage thinning (P < 0.05) in group T, whereas cartilage thickness in group L was 140.22 ± 19.61 µm reaching the level of the control group (147.00 ± 23.99 µm). There was no significant difference in IRC, IBC, and US among the three groups. LA therapy could help to retain the quality of articular cartilage which was subjected to unloading. LA would be a simple and safe nonpharmacological countermeasure for unloading-induced osteoarthritis. The UBM system has potential to be a sensitive, specific tool for quantitative assessment of articular cartilage.

Laser acupuncture and prevention of bone loss in tail-suspended rats.

BACKGROUND: Skeletal unloading during spaceflight results in bone loss. This study investigated whether laser acupuncture could be an effective countermeasure to prevent unloading-induced bone loss in rats. METHODS: There were 18 rats that were randomly assigned into three groups: a control group, a tail-suspended group (TS), and a tail-suspended with laser acupuncture treatment group (TSA). The rats in the TSA group were treated with laser acupuncture at the KI1 (Yong Quan) and ST36 (Zu San Li) acupoints of the left leg for 3 min per day. Bone mineral density (BMD), biomechanical properties, and histomorphometry of both tibiae were determined after the animals were euthanized at the end of week 4. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, BMD in the TS group significantly decreased by 12.3% in cortical bone and 15.1% in cancellous bone, whereas BMD in the TSA group decreased by only 3.1% in cortical bone and 9.0% in cancellous bone. The hardness of cortical bone dropped 44.1% in the TS group and 22.3% in the TSA group compared with the control group. The histomorphometry data were in accordance with BMD measurements. Although acupuncture treatment was applied only to the left side, we observed similar changes between the measurements of both the left and right tibiae. CONCLUSION: Laser acupuncture on KI1 and ST36 can inhibit bone loss in rats subjected to unloading. The fact that similar changes between the right and left sides when only the left limbs were treated suggests that the preventive effect of laser acupuncture occurs via a systemic regulation.

[Clustering analysis applied to near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of Chinese traditional medicine].

The present article discusses the clustering analysis used in the near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis of Chinese traditional medicines, which provides a new method for the classification of Chinese traditional medicines. Samples selected purposely in the authors' research to measure their absorption spectra in seconds by a multi-channel NIR spectrometer developed in the authors' lab were safrole, eucalypt oil, laurel oil, turpentine, clove oil and three samples of costmary oil from different suppliers. The spectra in the range of 0.70-1.7 microm were measured with air as background and the results indicated that they are quite distinct. Qualitative mathematical model was set up and cluster analysis based on the spectra was carried out through different clustering methods for optimization, and came out the cluster correlation coefficient of 0.9742 in the authors' research. This indicated that cluster analysis of the group of samples is practicable. Also it is reasonable to get the result that the calculated classification of 8 samples was quite accorded with their characteristics, especially the three samples of costmary oil were in the closest classification of the clustering analysis.