Isorhamnetin: what is the in vitro evidence for its antitumor potential and beyond?

Isorhamnetin (ISO) is a phenolic compound belonging to flavonoid family, showcasing important in vitro pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anti-inflammation, and organ protection. ISO is predominantly extracted from Hippophae rhamnoides L. This plant is well-known in China and abroad because of its "medicinal and food homologous" characteristics. As a noteworthy natural drug candidate, ISO has received considerable attention in recent years owing to its low cost, wide availability, high efficacy, low toxicity, and minimal side effects. To comprehensively elucidate the multiple biological functions of ISO, particularly its antitumor activities and other pharmacological potentials, a literature search was conducted using electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. This review primarily focuses on ISO's ethnopharmacology. By synthesizing the advancements made in existing research, it is found that the general effects of ISO involve a series of in vitro potentials, such as antitumor, protection of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and more. This review illustrates ISO's antitumor and other pharmacological potentials, providing a theoretical basis for further research and new drug development of ISO.

Population genetic variation and geographic distribution of suitable areas of Coptis species in China.

Introduction: The rhizomes of Coptis plants have been used in traditional Chinese medicine over 2000 years. Due to increasing market demand, the overexploitation of wild populations, habitat degradation and indiscriminate artificial cultivation of Coptis species have severely damaged the native germplasms of species in China. Methods: Genome-wide simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed using the genomic data of C. chinensis. Population genetic diversity and structure of 345 Coptis accessions collected from 32 different populations were performed based on these SSRs. The distribution of suitable areas for three taxa in China was predicted and the effects of environmental variables on genetic diversity in relation to different population distributions were further analyzed. Results: 22 primer pairs were selected as clear, stable, and polymorphic SSR markers. These had an average of 16.41 alleles and an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.664. In the neighbor-joining (N-J) clustering analysis, the 345 individuals clustered into three groups, with C. chinensis, C. chinensis var. brevisepala and C. teeta being clearly separated. All C. chinensis accessions were further divided into four subgroups in the population structure analysis. The predicted distributions of suitable areas and the environmental variables shaping these distributions varied considerably among the three species. Discussion: Overall, the amount of solar radiation, precipitation and altitude were the most important environmental variables influencing the distribution and genetic variation of three species. The findings will provide key information to guide the conservation of genetic resources and construction of a core reserve for species.

[Identification and expression of genome of uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) gene family from Chrysanthemum indicum].

Uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase(UGT) is involved in the glycosylation of a variety of secondary metabolites in plants and plays an important role in plant growth and development and regulation of secondary metabolism. Based on the genome of a diploid Chrysanthemum indicum, the UGT gene family from Ch. indicum was identified by bioinformatics methods, and the physical and chemical properties, subcellular localization prediction, conserved motif, phylogeny, chromosome location, gene structure, and gene replication events of UGT protein were analyzed. Transcriptome and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR) were used to analyze the expression pattern of the UGT gene in flowers and leaves of Ch. indicum. Quasi-targeted metabolomics was used to analyze the differential metabolites in flowers and leaves. The results showed that a total of 279 UGT genes were identified in the Ch. indicum genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these UGT genes were divided into 8 subfamilies. Members of the same subfamily were distributed in clusters on the chromosomes. Tandem duplications were the main driver of the expansion of the UGT gene family from Ch. indicum. Structural domain analysis showed that 262 UGT genes had complete plant secondary metabolism signal sequences(PSPG box). The analysis of cis-acting elements indicated that light-responsive elements were the most ubiquitous elements in the promoter regions of UGT gene family members. Quasi-targeted metabolome analysis of floral and leaf tissue revealed that most of the flavonoid metabolites, including luteolin-7-O-glucoside and kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, had higher accumulation in flowers. Comparative transcriptome analysis of flower and leaf tissue showed that there were 72 differentially expressed UGT genes, of which 29 genes were up-regulated in flowers, and 43 genes were up-regulated in leaves. Correlation network and phylogenetic analysis showed that CindChr9G00614970.1, CindChr2G00092510.1, and CindChr2G00092490.1 may be involved in the synthesis of 7-O-flavonoid glycosides in Ch. indicum, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis further confirmed the reliability of transcriptome data. The results of this study are helpful to understand the function of the UGT gene family from Ch. indicum and provide data reference and theoretical basis for further study on the molecular regulation mechanism of flavonoid glycosides synthesis in Ch. indicum.

Multifunctional biomimetic hydrogel dressing provides anti-infection treatment and improves immunotherapy by reprogramming the infection-related wound microenvironment.

The advancement of biomaterials with antimicrobial and wound healing properties continues to present challenges. Macrophages are recognized for their significant role in the repair of infection-related wounds. However, the interaction between biomaterials and macrophages remains complex and requires further investigation. In this research, we propose a new sequential immunomodulation method to enhance and expedite wound healing by leveraging the immune properties of bacteria-related wounds, utilizing a novel mixed hydrogel dressing. The hydrogel matrix is derived from porcine acellular dermal matrix (PADM) and is loaded with a new type of bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBG) doped with magnesium (Mg-MBG) and loaded with Curcumin (Cur). This hybrid hydrogel demonstrates controlled release of Cur, effectively eradicating bacterial infection in the early stage of wound infection, and the subsequent release of Mg ions (Mg2+) synergistically inhibits the activation of inflammation-related pathways (such as MAPK pathway, NF-κB pathway, TNF-α pathway, etc.), suppressing the inflammatory response caused by infection. Therefore, this innovative hydrogel can safely and effectively expedite wound healing during infection. Our design strategy explores novel immunomodulatory biomaterials, offering a fresh approach to tackle current clinical challenges associated with wound infection treatment.

New interpretation of "Miu Ci". / "缪刺"新识.

Based on the record of Miu Ci theory from Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic), and incorporating the relevant discussions of medical scholars from various dynasties, this article interprets and analyzes the Miu Ci technique, the points to be needled, and the diseases can be treated. The following innovative understandings are proposed： 1) The original meaning of "Miu" in Miu Ci is "to prick in a different way from the meridians (needle the major collaterals)", not "needle left and right interchangeably". Needle left and right interchangeably is not a necessary operation in Miu Ci. 2) The stimulation sites of Miu Ci are the "four extremities" of the human body, referred to as the "major collaterals of qi", and the nail bed of the four extremities is not equivalent to the commonly reco-gnized "Jing-well points". 3) Miu Ci can treat critical illnesses, not just limited to musculoskeletal pain or mild conditions at the early stage of a disease. 4) Miu Ci is not equivalent to Luo Ci needling (pricking bloodletting therapy).

RNA-sequencing analysis reveals the co-biodegradation performance of crude oil by marine Chlorella vulgaris under norfloxacin stress.

In this study, the microalgal growth and crude oil (CRO) biodegradation by marine Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) were assessed under norfloxacin (NFX) stress. The presence of NFX negatively affected the bio-removal of CRO within 5 days, as the NFX concentration increased from 100 to 1600 µg/L, due to its toxicity as an antibiotic. However, its negative impact on the final degradation capabilities of C. vulgaris was less significant (P-value <0.05). After 9 days of cultivation, CRO bio-removal efficiencies still exceeded 90 %, while NFX bio-removal efficiencies maintained over 47 %. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the degradation of CRO and NFX was attributed to the combined action of functional genes involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species. The production of pigments and the bio-removal performance of C. vulgaris in CRO, NFX, and CRO & NFX coexistence media were consistent with the changes in the number of differentially expressed genes in these samples.

Multi-Omics Revealed Peanut Root Metabolism Regulated by Exogenous Calcium under Salt Stress.

High salinity severely inhibits plant seedling root development and metabolism. Although plant salt tolerance can be improved by exogenous calcium supplementation, the metabolism molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we integrated three types of omics data (transcriptome, metabolome, and phytohormone absolute quantification) to analyze the metabolic profiles of peanut seedling roots as regulated by exogenous calcium under salt stress. (1) exogenous calcium supplementation enhanced the allocation of carbohydrates to the TCA cycle and plant cell wall biosynthesis rather than the shikimate pathway influenced by up-regulating the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes under salt stress; (2) exogenous calcium induced further ABA accumulation under salt stress by up-regulating the gene expression of ABA biosynthesis key enzymes AAO2 and AAO3 while down-regulating ABA glycosylation enzyme UGT71C5 expression; (3) exogenous calcium supplementation under salt stress restored the trans-zeatin absolute content to unstressed levels while inhibiting the root cis-zeatin biosynthesis.

Fine-Scale analysis of both wild and cultivated horned galls provides insight into their quality differentiation.

BACKGROUND: Galla chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) produced due to the interaction between the Fordinae aphids and the Rhus plant species. Horned galls with high tannin content are the most widely cultivated gall type, and Wufeng county of Hubei province in China is the center of cultivation. However, long-term artificial cultivation and domestication of horned galls to meet the increasing production demand have led to quality degradation. Understanding the reasons underlying quality degradation is urgent for horned gall production and application. The present study used a combination of metabolic, genetic, and ecological analyses to investigate the quality and genetic differentiation of the horned galls under long-term domestication as well as the potential relationships between them. RESULTS: Analysis of gallic acid content and other three phenotypic traits (fresh weight, gall size, and wall thickness) revealed quality differentiation of horned galls collected from five locations in Wufeng, in which the cultivated samples from Wang Jiaping (WJP) showed the highest degradation. Genetic differentiation between the cultivated and wild Rhus chinensis trees in WJP, and between WJP and the other populations was detected based on SSR molecular markers, however, no significant difference in genetic structure was seen for the aphid populations. Among the various ecological factors examined, temperature was identified as the primary one affecting the quality of horned galls. CONCLUSIONS: Both genetic and ecological factors caused quality differentiation of horned galls. The collection of diverse germplasm of host trees and aphids will help reduce the quality degradation of horned galls in Wufeng.

Resilient and sustainable production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in phosphorus-limited environment by using exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid to sustain photosynthesis.

Globally, many low to medium yielding peanut fields have the potential for further yield improvement. Low phosphorus (P) limitation is one of the significant factors curtailing Arachis hypogaea productivity in many regions. In order to demonstrate the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on peanuts growing under P deficiency, we used a pot-based experiment to examine the effects of exogenous GABA on alleviating P deficiency-induced physiological changes and growth inhibition in peanuts. The key physiological parameters examined were foliar gas exchange, photochemical efficiency, proton motive force, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase activity of peanuts under cultivation with low P (LP, 0.5 mM P) and control conditions. During low P, the cyclic electron flow (CEF) maintained the high proton gradient (∆pH) induced by low ATP synthetic activity. Applying GABA during low P conditions stimulated CEF and reduced the concomitant ROS generation and thereby protecting the foliar photosystem II (PSII) from photoinhibition. Specifically, GABA enhanced the rate of electronic transmission of PSII (ETRII) by pausing the photoprotection mechanisms including non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and ∆pH regulation. Thus, GABA was shown to be effective in restoring peanut growth when encountering P deficiency. Exogenous GABA alleviated two symptoms (increased root-shoot ratio and photoinhibition) of P-deficient peanuts. This is possibly the first report of using exogenous GABA to restore photosynthesis and growth under low P availability. Therefore, foliar applications of GABA could be a simple, safe and effective approach to overcome low yield imposed by limited P resources (low P in soils or P-fertilizers are unavailable) for sustainable peanut cultivation and especially in low to medium yielding fields.

Impact of climate change on the geographical distribution and niche dynamics of Gastrodia elata.

Background: Gastrodia elata is widely used in China as a valuable herbal medicine. Owing to its high medicinal and nutrient value, wild resources of G. elata have been overexploited and its native areas have been severely damaged. Understanding the impacts of climate change on the distribution of this endangered species is important for the conservation and sustainable use of G. elata. Methods: We used the optimized maximum entropy model to simulate the potential distribution of G. elata under contemporary and future time periods (1970-2000, 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s) and different climate change scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). Under these conditions, we investigated the key environmental factors influencing the distribution of G. elata as well as the spatial and temporal characteristics of its niche dynamics. Results: With high Maxent model accuracy (AUCmean = 0.947 ± 0.012, and the Kappa value is 0.817), our analysis revealed that annual precipitation, altitude, and mean temperature of driest quarter are the most important environmental factors influencing the distribution of G. elata. Under current bioclimatic conditions, the potentially suitable area for G. elata in China is 71.98 × 104 km2, while the highly suitable region for G. elata growth is 7.28 × 104 km2. Our models for three future periods under four climate change scenarios indicate that G. elata can maintain stable distributions in southern Shaanxi, southwestern Hubei, and around the Sichuan basin, as these areas are highly suitable for its growth. However, the center of the highly suitable areas of G. elata shift depending on different climatic scenarios. The values of niche overlap for G. elata show a decreasing trend over the forecasted periods, of which the niche overlap under the SSP3-7.0 scenario shows the greatest decrease. Discussions: Under the condition of global climate change in the future, our study provides basic reference data for the conservation and sustainable utilization of the valuable and endangered medicinal plant G. elata. It is important to carefully choose the protection area of G. elata wild resources according the suitable area conditions modeled. Moreover, these findings will be valuable for providing insights into the breeding and artificial cultivation of this plant, including the selection of suitable areas for planting.

Genome-wide analysis of bHLH gene family in Coptis chinensis provides insights into the regulatory role in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis.

Coptis chinensis Franch is a perennial species with high medical value. The rhizome of C. chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used for more than 2000 years in China. Its principal active ingredients are benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play an important regulatory role in the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. However, the bHLH genes in C. chinensis have not been described, and little is known about their roles in alkaloid biosynthesis. In this study, a total of 143 CcbHLH genes (CcbHLHs) were identified and unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis divided the 143 CcbHLH proteins into 26 subfamilies by comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana bHLH proteins. The majority CcbHLHs in each subgroup had similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties, conserved motif, intron/exon composition, and cis-acting elements of CcbHLHs were analyzed. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 30 CcbHLHs were significantly expressed in the rhizomes of C. chinensis. Co-expression analysis revealed that 11 CcbHLHs were highly positively correlated with contents of various alkaloids of C. chinensis. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid experiments verified that CcbHLH001 and CcbHLH0002 could interact with the promoters of berberine biosynthesis pathway genes CcBBE and CcCAS, suggesting their regulatory roles in BIA biosynthesis. This study provides comprehensive insights into the bHLH gene family in C. chinensis and will support in-depth functional characterization of CcbHLHs involved in the regulation of protoberberine-type alkaloid biosynthesis.

Enhanced nodulation and phosphorus acquisition from sparingly-soluble iron phosphate upon treatment with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in chickpea.

The coordination/trade-off among below-ground strategies for phosphorus (P) acquisition, including root morphology, carboxylate exudation and colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is not well understood. This is the first study investigating the relationships between root nodulation, morphology, carboxylates and colonisation by an indigenous community of AMF under varying P levels and source. Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 µg g-1 ) as KH2 PO4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment. Under both FeP and KP, the presence of AMF inhibited shoot growth and shoot branching, decreased total root length and specific root length, increased mean root diameter and root tissue density and reduced carboxylates. However, the role of AMF in acquiring P differed between the two P sources, with the enhanced P acquisition under FeP while not under KP. Co-inoculation of AMF and rhizobia enhanced nodulation under FeP, but not under KP. Our results suggest that the effects of AMF on shoot branching were mediated by cytokinins as the reduced shoot branching in FeP40 and KP40 under +AMF relative to -AMF coincided with a decreased concentration of cytokinins in xylem sap for both genotypes.

[Exploration on the treatment method of pericardium meridian for stomach diseases].

The ancient and modern discussions on the treatment of acupoints of the pericardium meridian of hand jueyin and non-acupoints along the meridian for stomach diseases were summarized, and the treatment principle of pericardium meridian for stomach diseases was explored. The relationship between pericardium meridian and stomach was discussed from the three perspectives of heart-stomach correlation, organ-meridian correlation and qi-position correlation. Based on these discussions, the guiding significance of the thoughts of selection effective treatment parts and the theoretical construction for clinical practice was considered and examined.

Effect of pectin oligosaccharides supplementation on infant formulas: The storage stability, formation and intestinal absorption of advanced glycation end products.

Pectin oligosaccharides with a molecular weight greater than 700 Da was obtained from the pomace of kiwi (Actinidia arguta). Based on characteristics analysis and inhibitory activity of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation in vitro, the target pectin oligosaccharides was added to infant formulas and then subjected to accelerated storage. Results showed that pectin oligosaccharides supplementation inhibited the browning of infant formulas and glassy transition of lactose, and slowed down the increase of water activity under accelerated storage conditions. Pectin oligosaccharides also inhibited the formation of AGEs in infant formulas, such as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine, Nε-carboxyethyl-lysine, methylglyoxal hydromidazolones, glyoxal hydromidazolones, glyoxal-lysine dimer, methylglyoxal-lysine dimer and pyrraline. Besides, permeability studies using Caco-2 cell monolayer also showed that pectin oligosaccharides supplementation inhibited the intestinal absorption of AGEs, especially 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine, Nε-carboxyethyl-lysine and glyoxal hydromidazolones. These results provide a reliable theoretical basis for the application of pectin oligosaccharides in infant formulas.

Molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying boron-induced alleviation of cadmium toxicity in rice seedlings.

Both cadmium (Cd) contamination and boron (B) deficiency in farmland soils pose a threat to the yield and quality of crops in Southern China. The present study investigated the mechanisms by which B reduces Cd accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. Boron supplementation partially restored the decline in shoot and root biomass caused by Cd treatment (26% and 33%, respectively), with no significant difference between the B+Cd and control groups. We also found that B significantly reduced shoot and root Cd concentrations (by 64% and 25%, respectively) but increased Cd concentration (by 43%) and proportion (from 38% to 55%) in root cell walls. Transcriptome analysis and biochemical tests suggested that B supplementation enhanced lignin and pectin biosynthesis, pectin demethylation, and sulfur and glutathione metabolism. Moreover, B decreased the expression of some Cd-induced transporter-related genes (i.e., HMA2, Nramp1, and several ABC genes). These results indicate that B relieved Cd toxicity and reduced Cd accumulation in rice seedlings by restraining Cd uptake and translocation from root to shoot by improving Cd tolerance and chelation ability. These novel findings would benefit further investigations into how B influences Cd uptake, translocation, detoxification, and accumulation in crops.

Stretch Formability of an AZ61 Alloy Plate Prepared by Multi-Pass Friction Stir Processing.

The stretch formability behavior of an AZ61 magnesium alloy plate produced by multi-pass friction stir processing (M-FSP) was investigated, with the applied load vs. displacement curves recorded during Erichsen cupping tests at different punching speeds at room temperature. The stretch formability of M-FSP AZ61 magnesium alloy was significantly enhanced, compared with that of its cast counterpart. The highest Erichsen index of 3.7 mm was obtained at a punching speed of 0.1 mm/min. The improved stretch formability was mainly attributed to the grain refinement stemming from the M-FSP and the presence of extension twinning to accommodate deformation during Erichsen cupping testing.

Analysis of the Coptis chinensis genome reveals the diversification of protoberberine-type alkaloids.

Chinese goldthread (Coptis chinensis Franch.), a member of the Ranunculales, represents an important early-diverging eudicot lineage with diverse medicinal applications. Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly and annotation of C. chinensis. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses reveal the phylogenetic placement of this species and identify a single round of ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) shared by the Ranunculaceae. We characterize genes involved in the biosynthesis of protoberberine-type alkaloids in C. chinensis. In particular, local genomic tandem duplications contribute to member amplification of a Ranunculales clade-specific gene family of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 719. The functional versatility of a key CYP719 gene that encodes the (S)-canadine synthase enzyme involved in the berberine biosynthesis pathway may play critical roles in the diversification of other berberine-related alkaloids in C. chinensis. Our study provides insights into the genomic landscape of early-diverging eudicots and provides a valuable model genome for genetic and applied studies of Ranunculales.

Isolation and characterization of PoWRKY, an abiotic stress-related WRKY transcription factor from Polygonatum odoratum.

WRKY transcription factors play vital roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. As a kind of high value medicinal plant, Polygonatum odoratum has an ability to tolerate various abiotic stresses because of the special growth condition. In current study, a novel WRKY gene from P. odoratum is isolated and compared with homologous sequences from other plants. PoWRKY1 possesses two typical WRKY domains and two C2H2 zinc-finger motifs. Evolutionary analysis indicated that PoWRKY1 is most closely related to WRKY protein from Asparagus officinalis. Expression analysis showed that expression of PoWRKY1 is induced by cold and drought stresses but not salt stress. Overexpression of PoWRKY1 in Arabidopsis improved seed germination and root growth of transgenic plants during cold stress and drought. In addition, super oxide dismutase activity and proline content in transgenic plants increased under cold and drought stresses, whereas malondialdehyde levels and relative electrolyte leakage reduced under similar stress conditions. Taken together, these results showed that PoWRKY1 enhances the tolerance to cold and drought stresses. This study lays a potential foundation to understand the molecular mechanism of tolerance to abiotic stress in P. odoratum.

Effect of Jiajian Guishen Formula on the senescence-associated heterochromatic foci in mouse ovaria after induction of premature ovarian aging by the endocrine-disrupting agent 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Jiajian Guishen Formula (JJGSF), which is a prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been reported to be useful in the treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the therapeutic effects of JJGSF on the treatment of POI induced by 4-vinylcyclohexene diep-oxide (VCD), an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), and to elucidate the potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female 8-week-old ICR mice (N = 72) were randomized into six groups, containing the Model group, Control group, three JJGSF groups, and Progynova group which was served as a positive control. After model establishment by VCD, the Progynova group were given a daily intragastric administration of Progynova, and the three JJGSF groups (high dose group, medium dose group and low dose group) received a daily intragastric administration of JJGSF at doses of 9, 4.5 and 2.25 g/kg for four weeks. The general growth of the mice was observed and the estrous cycles were examined. The serum hormone concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To explore the potential mechanism of effect, the protein expressions of H3K9me3, HP1, and HMGA1/HMGA2 related to senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF), were determined by Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS: After treating with JJGSF, the estrous cycles were improved significantly. The level of estrogen (E2) and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) was increased and the ratio of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum was decreased significantly. Furthermore, a significant down-regulation of HMGA1/HMGA2 on protein level, a reduction distribution of HP1 and H3K9me3 in ovarian, and a lower fraction of SAHF-positive cells were observed after the administration with JJGSF, additionally effects showed a positive correlation with dosages. CONCLUSIONS: JJGSF could treat POI by the mechanism of inhibiting SAHF.

Animal-Derived and Plant-Derived Protein Supplement Feeds Are Important Sources of Organophosphate Esters in the Food Supply.

Animal protein supplement feeds (APFs) are important raw feed materials for livestock. APFs might be susceptible to organophosphate esters (OPEs) but have not been paid attention yet. In the present study, animal-derived (meat meal, feather meal, and blood meal) and plant-derived APFs were all found to contain detectable levels of OPEs, with 16 target OPEs ranging from 12.6 ng/g dry weight (dw) to 301 ng/g dw. Meat meal contained the highest OPE level (mean: 117 ± 75.6 ng/g dw), followed by feather meal (54.6 ± 30.0 ng/g dw), plant-derived feed (41.9 ± 16.0 ng/g dw), and blood meal (28.0 ± 12.0 ng/g dw). Considering its widespread consumption, plant-derived APFs might be an important source of OPE exposure for livestock. Dust adhesion contributed to OPE contamination both in feather meal and plant-derived APFs. Congener patterns varied among the different APFs. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate dominated in the plant-derived feed and blood meal, while tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate were the major contributors in meat meal and feather meal, respectively. Tributyl phosphate and tri-iso-butyl phosphate were found to be statistically correlated in all APFs (p < 0.01), indicating their similar behavior and common sources. The protein-associated transport pathways of OPEs need to be studied separately for different protein matrices in the future.