Ozone pollution in the plate and logistics capital of China: Insight into the formation, source apportionment, and regional transport.

As the logistics and plate capital of China, the sources and regional transport of O3 in Linyi are different from those in other cities because of the significant differences in industrial structure and geographical location. Twenty-five ozone pollution episodes (OPEs, 52 days) were identified in 2021, with a daily maximum 8-h moving average O3 concentration (O3-MDA8) of 184.5 ± 22.5 µg/m3. Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and aromatics were the dominant contributors to ozone formation potential (OFP), with contributions of approximately 23.5-52.7% and 20.0-40.8%, respectively, followed by alkenes, alkanes, and alkynes. Formaldehyde, an OVOC with high concentrations emitted from the plate industry and vehicles, contributed the most to OFP (22.7 ± 5.5%), although formaldehyde concentrations only accounted for 9.4 ± 2.7% of the total non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) concentrations. The source apportionment results indicated that the plate industry was the dominant O3 contributor (27.0%), followed by other sources (21.6%), vehicle-related sources (18.0%), solvent use (16.9%), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)/natural gas (NG) (8.8%), and combustion sources (7.7%). Therefore, there is an urgent need to control the plating industry in Linyi to mitigate O3 pollution. The backward trajectory, potential source contribution function (PSCF), and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) models were used to identify the air mass pathways and potential source areas of air pollutants during the OPEs. O3 pollution was predominantly affected by air masses that originated from eastern and local regions, while trajectories from the south contained the highest O3 concentrations (207.0 µg/m3). The potential source area was from east and south Linyi during the OPEs. Therefore, it is critical to implement regional joint prevention and control measures to lower O3 concentrations.

On-line ionic liquid-based dynamic microwave-assisted extraction-high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of lipophilic constituents in root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.

On-line continuous sampling, ionic liquid-based dynamic microwave-assisted extraction high performance liquid chromatography has been developed and applied to the extraction of lipophilic constituents from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Several operating parameters were optimized by single-factor and Box-Behnken design experiments. The type and concentration of ionic liquids, power of microwave irradiation, flow rate of sample suspension, amount, and particle size of sample were investigated. The limits of detection for tanshin-one I, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone II(A) are 0.014, 0.009, and 0.009 mg/g, respectively. The RSDs of interday and intraday were lower than 2.02 and 2.16%, respectively. The recoveries for target analytes were in the range of 90.7-101.8%. The homogeneity of the suspension and stability of the analytes were investigated and the results were satisfactory. The proposed method was compared with the off-line ionic liquid-based dynamic microwave-assisted extraction, off-line ethanol-based dynamic microwave-assisted extraction, ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and ionic liquid-based maceration extraction. The results indicated that the proposed method is effective for the extraction of the active components in Chinese herbal medicine and has some advantages over the other methods.

Direct imaging of radionuclide-produced electrons and positrons with an ultrathin phosphor.

UNLABELLED: Current electron detectors are either unable to image in vivo or lack sufficient spatial resolution because of electron scattering in thick detector materials. This study was aimed at developing a sensitive high-resolution system capable of detecting electron-emitting isotopes in vivo. METHODS: The system uses a lens-coupled charge-coupled-device camera to capture the scintillation light excited by an electron-emitting object near an ultrathin phosphor. The spatial resolution and sensitivity of the system were measured with a 3.7-kBq (90)Y/(90)Sr beta-source and a 70-microm resin bead labeled with (99m)Tc. Finally, we imaged the (99m)Tc-pertechnetate concentration in the mandibular gland of a mouse in vivo. RESULTS: Useful images were obtained with only a few hundred emitted beta particles from the (90)Y/(90)Sr source or conversion electrons from the (99m)Tc bead source. The in vivo image showed a clear profile of the mandibular gland and many fine details with exposures of as low as 30 s. All measurements were consistent with a spatial resolution of about 50 microm, corresponding to 2.5 detector pixels with the current camera. CONCLUSION: Our new electron-imaging system can image electron-emitting isotope distributions at high resolution and sensitivity. The system is useful for in vivo imaging of small animals and small, exposed regions on humans. The ability to image beta particles, positrons, and conversion electrons makes the system applicable to most isotopes.