RESUMO
The study was undertaken to evaluate the safety of vitacamphorae (VCP) injection in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Rats were intravenously administered with VCP at the doses of 0, 5, 15, and 50 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 0, 5, 15, and 50 times the clinical equivalent dose) for 4 weeks, respectively. In addition, we also tested oxidative stress-related parameters and cytokine levels in rat serum. In the current study, intravenous administration of VCP at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day caused significant pathophysiological responses in rats. Compared with the control group, different doses of VCP exposure had no significant effect on body weight, food consumption, and clinic pathology of rats after 4 weeks of VCP administration. Rats in high-dose group (50 mg/kg/day) showed general symptoms of convulsions after VCP administration. The toxicological significance of VCP exposure in the spleen of high-dose female rats was observed, which showed a significant increase in the relative spleen weights (P < 0.01) and mild lymphocyte proliferation in splenic pathology. Furthermore, the results of oxidative stress and cytokine detection showed that the levels of antioxidant enzymes SOD increased in each administration group, but the levels of a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IFN-γ also increased in these groups. Above changes caused by VCP exposure can be reversed after 4 weeks of recovery. Overall, the results showed that the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of VCP injection for 4-week toxicity was 15 mg/kg/day.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Toxicidade Crônica/métodos , Administração Intravenosa , Animais , Esquema de Medicação , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Baço/metabolismo , Baço/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sulfur-fumigation effects on the chemical constituents of Chuanxiong Rhizoma. METHODS: Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Chuanxiong Rhizoma samples were analyzed by FIIR. FTIR spectra were acquired and disposed by software Omnic 8. 0, second derivative IR spectra were analyzed by software OPUS 6. 5 through smoothing and differentiation treatment to FTIR spectra, and the absorption frequencies of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Chuanxiong Rhizoma samples were assessed by using principal component analysis with software SPSS. RESULTS: There were significant differences between sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Chuanxiong Rhizoma samples in the region ranging from 2 000 cm-1 to 750 cm-1. Some absorption peaks weakened or disappeared, and some newly emerged after the processing of sulfur-fumigation. CONCLUSION: The processing of sulfur-fumigation can influence the effective constituents of Chuanxiong Rhizoma. The established method of FTIR combined with second derivative and principal component analysis has been proved to be an effective, intuitional and rapid approach to distinguish sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Chuanxiong Rhizoma.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/análise , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Fumigação , Ligusticum/química , Análise de Componente Principal , Rizoma/química , EnxofreRESUMO
Sulfur fumigation may induce the decrease or the chemical transformation of some active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines in vitro. Whether sulfur fumigation can cause the pharmacokinetic changes of the active ingredients in vivo is related to the efficacy and the safety of Chinese medicines' application clinically. A sensitive, specific, and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide A, and senkyunolide I in rat plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed to evaluate the influence of sulfur fumigation to Si Wu Tang for the first time. Each compound was extracted from plasma samples by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, and the chromatographic separation was accomplished on an Agilent Extend C18 column with a linear gradient elution. The mass spectrometric detection and analysis were performed by using an AB Sciex triple quadrupole 5500 mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of four compounds in rats after oral administration of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Si Wu Tang. The results provided a meaningful basis for evaluating the affection of sulfur fumigation to the clinical application and the efficacy of Si Wu Tang.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/análise , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacocinética , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Enxofre/química , Animais , Benzofuranos/sangue , Benzofuranos/farmacocinética , Ácidos Cumáricos/sangue , Ácidos Cumáricos/farmacocinética , Fumigação , Glucosídeos/sangue , Glucosídeos/farmacocinética , Masculino , Monoterpenos/sangue , Monoterpenos/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sulfur-fumigation of Angelicae sinensis Radix causes changes in the structure and composition of volatile components. These changes alter the curative effect and the quality of A. sinensis Radix. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) was employed to investigate the influence of sulfur-fumigation on the volatile components, and to characterize and quantify the chemical composition of the volatile oil of A. sinensis Radix. RESULTS: The present study has shown that sulfur-fumigated A. sinensis Radix samples had significant loss of the main active compounds and a more destructive fingerprint profile compared to non-fumigated samples. CONCLUSION: From this study, it can be concluded that the combination of GC × GC and TOFMS has potential as a quality monitoring tool in herbal medicine and food processing industries.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba on the contents of main constituents in Guizhi Decoction. METHODS: HPLC was applied to the simultaneous determination and comparative analysis of ten main indicative components in Guizhi Decoction contained sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba. The analysis was performed on a Kromasil C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.1% aqueous formic acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the column temperature was 30 °C. The detection wavelengths were set at 254 nm and 280 nm, respectively. 20 µL was injected for analysis with gradient elution. RESULTS: There were obvious differences existed between the concentrations of ten main indicative components in Guizhi Decoction contained sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba. CONCLUSION: Sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba can influence the main effective constituents contained in Guizhi Decoction in quantity. The absence in the study of prescriptions affected by sulfur-fumigation is filled up through the investigation of the chemical basis of Guizhi Decoction influenced by sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba, and also strong evidences are offered to the further regulation and supervision of sulfur-fumigation in herbal medicines.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Fumigação , Paeonia/química , Enxofre , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Plantas Medicinais/químicaRESUMO
Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (Chenpi in Chinese) has been widely used as an herbal medicine in Korea, China, and Japan. Chenpi extracts are used to treat indigestion and inflammatory syndromes of the respiratory tract such as bronchitis and asthma. This thesis will analyze chemical compositions of Chenpi volatile oil, which was performed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-HR-TOFMS). One hundred and sixty-seven components were tentatively identified, and terpene compounds are the main components of Chenpi volatile oil, a significant larger number than in previous studies. The majority of the eluted compounds, which were identified, were well separated as a result of high-resolution capability of the GC × GC method, which significantly reduces, the coelution. ß -Elemene is tentatively qualified by means of GC × GC in tandem with high-resolution TOFMS detection, which plays an important role in enhancing the effects of many anticancer drugs and in reducing the side effects of chemotherapy. This study suggests that GC × GC-HR-TOFMS is suitable for routine characterization of chemical composition of volatile oil in herbal medicines.
RESUMO
Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (FLJ) is a popular herb used for many centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a treatment of fever and inflammation. Non-fumigated processing of FLJ has been the traditional approach used in post-harvest preparation of the commodity for commercial use. However, in recent years, natural drying processing of FLJ has been replaced by sulfur-fumigation for efficiency and pest control. Sulfur-fumigation can induce changes in the volatile compounds of the herb, altering its medicinal properties. A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF/MS) method was established for the resolution and determination of volatile components in non-fumigated and sulfur-fumigated FLJ. In this paper, analysis of the volatile oils in non-fumigated and sulfur-fumigated (including lab-prepared sulfur-fumigated and industrial sulfur-fumigated) FLJ was performed using GC×GC-TOF/MS. Seventy-three representative volatile components were identified, including furans, alkalies, acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, terpenes, esters, and others, as the main components of FLJ volatile oils. The proposed method was successfully applied for rapid and accurate quality evaluation of FLJ and its related medicinal materials and preparations.
Assuntos
Fumigação , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Lonicera/química , Metabolômica/métodos , Enxofre/farmacologia , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/química , Lonicera/efeitos dos fármacos , Metaboloma/efeitos dos fármacos , Norisoprenoides/análise , Norisoprenoides/química , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Óleos Voláteis/química , Sesquiterpenos/análise , Sesquiterpenos/químicaRESUMO
Sulfur-fumigation processing technology is an ancient maintenance method, which plays a certain role in storage and preservation for Chinese herbal medicine. But in recent years, with the further explanation of sulfur-fumigation processing mechanism and more attention to the safety of drugs, such traditional maintenance method of Chinese herbal medicine is now being questioned by more and more people. The authors think we should have selective inheritance rather than abslute discard to this ancient processing technology after reviewing the literatures published in recent 20 years, and some suggestions are also put forward, which can supply some references for related drug supervision departments.
Assuntos
Fumigação/métodos , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa/métodos , Enxofre/uso terapêutico , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for quick identification of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). METHODS: The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma were analyzed and compared by FTIR combined with second derivative infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: FTIR spectra showed that there were some differences in the positions of infrared absorption peaks and the relative intensities in the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and the second derivative IR spectra clearly enhanced the spectral resolution of their differences. FTIR spectra showed that the new absorption peaks of Cimicifugae Rhizoma appeared and a part of original absorption peaks disappeared after sulfur-fumigation in aqueous extracts, while a lot of new absorption peaks appeared and the intensities of almost all absorption peaks significantly decreased after sulfur-fumigation in alcoholic extracts. Second derivative IR spectra showed that both sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma extracted by water differed significantly from each other ranging from about 3 950 to 3 940 cm(-1), 3 850 to 3 800 cm(-1), 1 800 to 1 750 cm(-1), as well as from 1 400 to 1 350 cm(-1); Differences also existed between sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma extracted by ethanol ranging from about 3 980 to 3 960 cm(-1), 3 850 to 3 800 cm(-1), and 1 500 to 1 460 cm(-1). CONCLUSION: The FTIR method combined with the second derivative IR spectrum can be used to analyze and distinguish sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma quickly and accurately. The developed method provides an efficient approach for the quality control of Chinese herbal medicines with its simplicity and strong specificity.
Assuntos
Cimicifuga/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Enxofre/química , Luz Solar , Cimicifuga/classificação , Dessecação , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Etanol/química , Controle de Qualidade , Rizoma/química , Água/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop a quick identification method for the sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix used by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with second derivative infrared spectroscopy. METHOD: The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix were analyzed by using FTIR, the further analysis was used by second derivative infrared spectroscopy. RESULT: There existed differences between their infrared spectra either extracted by ethanol or water, while the distinctions were more obvious after analyzing their alcoholic and aqueous extracts through high resolution of second derivative infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra showed that the absorption peaks of Angelicae Sinensis Radix were significantly reduced and a new absorption peak appeared after sulfur-fumigated process in alcoholic extracts, while both of them changed markedly in the "fingerprint region" ranging from 1 000 to 400 cm(-1) in aqueous extracts. Second derivative spectra showed that the absorption peaks of sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix extracted by ethanol weakened and disappeared at about 3 578 cm(-1) and 3 541 cm(-1), while both of them differed significantly from each other ranging from 1 400 to 1 200 cm(-1) as well as 800 cm(-1) to 600 cm(-1), difference also existed between them extracted by water ranging from about 3 900 to 3 850 cm(-1) and 3 800 to 3 750 cm(-1). CONCLUSION: The FTIS method combined with second derivative can be utilized to distinguish sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix efficiently, conveniently and accurately, and provide a basis for identification and quality control of Angelicae Sinensis Radix.
Assuntos
Angelica sinensis/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Enxofre/química , Luz Solar , Angelica sinensis/classificaçãoRESUMO
The sulfur-fumigation process can induce changes in the contents of volatile compounds and the chemical transformation of herbal medicines. Although literature has reported many methods for analyzing volatile target compounds from herbal medicine, all of them are largely limited to target compounds and sun-dried samples. This study provides a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF/MS) method based on a chemical profiling approach to identify non-target and target volatile compounds from sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated herbal medicine. Using Chrysanthemum morifolium as a model herbal medicine, the combined power of this approach is illustrated by the identification of 209 and 111 volatile compounds with match quality >80% from sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Chrysanthemum morifolium, respectively. The study has also shown that sulfur-fumigated samples showed a significant loss of the main active compounds and a more destructive fingerprint profile compared to the sun-dried ones. 50 volatile compounds were lost in the sulfur-fumigated Chrysanthemum morifolium sample. The approach and methodology reported in this paper would be useful for identifying complicated target and non-target components from various complex mixtures such as herbal medicine and its preparations, biological and environmental samples. Furthermore, it can be applied for the intrinsic quality control of herbal medicine and its preparations.