Real-Time Monitoring of Translocation, Dissipation, and Cumulative Risk of Maleic Hydrazide in Potato Plants and Tubers by Ion Exclusion Chromatography.

In this paper, a high-performance ion exclusion chromatographic (ICE) method was developed and applied for monitoring maleic hydrazide (MH) translocation in complex potato plant tissue and tuber matrices. After middle leaf uptake, most MH was trapped and dissipated in the middle leaf, and the rest was transported to other parts mainly through the phloem. Soil absorption significantly reduced the uptake efficiency of the root system, in which MH was partitioned to dissipate in root protoplasts or transfer through the xylem and persisted in the plant. Tuber uptake enabled MH to remain in the flesh and maintain stable levels under storage conditions, but during germination, MH was translocated from the flesh to the growing buds, where it dissipated through the short-day photoperiodic regime. The results demonstrated successful application of the ICE method and provided necessary insights for real-time monitoring of MH translocation behavior to effectively improve potato edible safety.

Qualitative analysis of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia yunnanensis based on NIR, UHPLC and LC-MS-MS.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was applied to discriminate the roots of salvia miltiorhiza Bunge (Danshen for short) and Salvia yunnanensis C. H. Wright (Zidanshen for short) by means of principal component analysis (PCA), improved and simplified K nearest neighbors (IS-KNN). Furthermore, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) coupled with photodiode-array detector was developed for building fingerprints of lipophilic components of Danshen and Zidanshen, respectively. Basing on NIR information, both PCA and IS-KNN method classified the two kinds of Chinese medical herbs with 100% accuracy. The chromatographic fingerprints of the lipophilic components of Danshen and Zidanshen have 10 and 12 common peaks, respectively. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (LC-MS-MS) was applied to identify these peaks. Among these, three small peaks in the fingerprints of Zidanshen are not found in Danshen, one of which was identified as α-lapachone, and the other two compounds were not yet identified; a small peak after tanshinone IIA in the fingerprints of Danshen was not found in Zidanshen, which was identified as miltirone. The two herbs have 10 common lipophilic components. The similarity between the two reference chromatograms of Zidanshen and Danshen is 0.902, but the mean similaritie between Zidanshen (or Danshen) fingerprints and its own reference chromatogram is 0.973 (or 0.976). The contents of main lipophilic components are significantly lower in Zidanshen than in Danshen (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The results indicate that the two Chinese medical materials are not only different in NIR spectra, but also different in species and quantities of lipophilic components. NIR spectra analysis can identify Danshen and Zidanshen rapidly and accurately. UHPLC coupled with MS analysis demonstrates the detail differences between the two herbs both in species and contents of their lipophilic components.

[Analysis of lipophilic components of Salvia miltiorrhiza roots and S. yunnanensis roots by UPLC and LC-MS/MS].

Fingerprints of lipophilic components in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and S.yunnanensis were analyzed by UPLC-DADand UPLC coupled with mass spectroscopy to evaluate the differences and similarities of the lipophilic components in the two kinds of herbs.The UPLC analysis of 18 batches of S.miltiorrhiza and 16 batches of S.yunnanensis was performed on a 25℃Thermo Accucore C_(18)column(2.1 mm×100 mm,2.6µm)by Shimadzu LC-20AD;mobile phase was 0.026%phosphoric acid(A)-acetonitrile(B)with gradient elution;flow rate was 0.4 m L·min~(-1);detection wavelength was set at 270 nm;injection volume was 2µL.The molecular structures of the lipophilic components were analyzed on a 25℃Thermo Accucore C_(18)column(2.1 mm×100 mm,2.6µm)by Thermo U3000 UPLC Q Exactive Orbitrap LC-MS/MS with a mobile phaseconsisting of 0.1%formic acid water(A)and 0.1%formic acidacetonitrile(B).The mass spectrometry was acquired in positive modes using ESI.There are 10 common peaks in the lipophilic components of S.miltiorrhiza.The similarity between the 16 batches of S.miltiorrhiza and their own reference spectra was greater than 0.942,and the average similarity was 0.973.There are 12 common peaks in the lipophilic components of S.yunnanensis.The similarity between the 18 batches of S.yunnanensis and their own reference spectra was greater than 0.937,and the average similarity was 0.976.The similarity between the reference chromatograms of S.miltiorrhiza and S.yunnanensis was only 0.900.There are three lipophilic components in S.yunnanensis,which are not found in S.miltiorrhiza,and one of which isα-lapachone.There is a lipophilic component in S.miltiorrhiza not found in S.yunnanensis,which may be miltirone.The two herbs contain 8 common lipophilic components including dihydrotanshinoneⅠ,cryptotanshinone,tanshinoneⅠ,tanshinoneⅡ_A,nortanshinone in which the content of tanshinoneⅡ_A,dihydrotanshinoneⅠand cryptotanshinone of S.yunnanensisis significantly lower than that of S.miltiorrhiza(P<0.01),and the contents of tanshinoneⅠand nortanshinone are significantly lower than that of S.miltiorrhiza too(P<0.05).There are significant differences in the types and contents of lipophilic components between the roots of S.miltiorrhiza and S.yunnanensis,and the similarity between the fingerprints of interspecies is much lower than that between the same species.Therefore,the roots of S.miltiorrhiza and S.yunnanensis are two kinds of herbs which are quite different in chemical compounds and compositions.

The effect of α-tocopherol and dithiothreitol in ameliorating emamectin benzoate cytotoxicity in human K562 cells involving the modulation of ROS accumulation and NF-κB signaling.

Emamectin benzoate (EMB) toxicity contributes a potential risk to environment and human health. To investigate the effect of α-tocopherol (VitE) and dithiothreitol (DTT) in ameliorating EMB-induced cytotoxicity in human K562 cells, in vitro cultured human K562 cells were incubated with different concentrations of EMB in supplement with VitE and DTT when the cells were in the logarithmic phase. Next, the cell growth inhibition was evaluated using the MTT assay and cellular morphology observation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was monitored using DCFH-DA probe and NF-κB signaling was determined using Western blotting. The results demonstrated that treatment with EMB (time- and concentration-dependent) showed significantly greater inhibition on K562 cell viability, heavier chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation, and stronger suppression of NF-κB/p105 and p65/RelA expression of K562 cells than the control group (p < 0.01). The supplementation of VitE or DTT could help protect K562 cells against EMB-induced cytotoxicity by improving cell viability, preventing ROS accumulation and up-regulating NF-κB signaling through their ameliorating effects against oxidative stress induced by EMB. VitE had a stronger synergistic effect in limiting EMB cytotoxicity than DTT. Our findings indicate that VitE and DTT are potent antioxidants for human K562 cells, offering a promising means of ameliorating EMB cytotoxicity.

[Exploration of rapidly determining quality of traditional Chinese medicines by (NIR) spectroscopy based on internet sharing mode].

Because of the numerous varieties of herbal species and active ingredients in the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the traditional methods employed could hardly satisfy the current determination requirements of TCM.The present work proposed an idea to realize rapid determination of the quality of TCM based on near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy and internet sharing mode. Low cost and portable multi-source composite spectrometer was invented by our group for in-site fast measurement of spectra of TCM samples. The database could be set up by sharing spectra and quality detection data of TCM samples among TCM enterprises based on the internet platform.A novel method called as keeping same relationship between X and Y space based on K nearest neighbors(KNN-KSR for short)was applied to predict the contents of effective compounds of the samples. In addition,a comparative study between KNN-KSR and partial least squares(PLS)was conducted. Two datasets were applied to validate above idea:one was about 58 Ginkgo Folium samples samples measured with four near-infrared spectroscopy instruments and two multi-source composite spectrometers,another one was about 80 corn samples available online measured with three NIR instruments. The results show that the KNN-KSR method could obtain more reliable outcomes without correcting spectrum.However transforming the PLS models to other instruments could hardly acquire better predictive results until spectral calibration is performed. Meanwhile,the similar analysis results of total flavonoids and total lactones of Ginkgo Folium samples are achieved on the multi-source composite spectrometers and near-infrared spectroscopy instruments,and the prediction results of KNN-KSR are better than PLS. The idea proposed in present study is in urgent need of more samples spectra, and then to be verified by more case studies.