Effects of endogenous DHA milk and exogenous DHA milk on oxidative stress and cognition in SAMP8 mice.

In this study, Senescence Accelerated Mice (SAMP8) were supplemented with exogenous DHA milk, endogenous DHA milk, normal milk, or 0.9 % saline solution. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gas chromatography (GC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI MS/MS), and Morris water maze were used to characterize the effects of diet on oxidative stress and cognition in SAMP8 mice. Supplementation endogenous DHA milk or exogenous DHA milk can enhance the antioxidant capacity of mice organs. Endogenous DHA milk increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of mice brain and serum than normal milk and 0.9 % saline solution (P ≤ 0.05), as well as increased SOD activity of mice liver and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of mice brain than normal milk (P ≤ 0.05). Exogenous DHA milk increased SOD activity of mice brain than normal milk and 0.9 % saline solution, as well as increased SOD activity of mice serum than 0.9 % saline solution (P ≤ 0.05). Several polar lipid relative content, such as 18:0/18:2 PS, 17:0 Ceramide, and 20:4 LPC in mice brain was affected by dietary supplementation with DHA-containing milk. Lipid oxidation metabolites in mice brain were not affected by DHA-containing milk. Endogenous DHA milk increased the number of platform location crossing times of mice in the Morris water maze test, compared with Exogenous DHA milk, normal milk, and 0.9 % saline solution (P ≤ 0.05).

Dietary Schizochytrium Microalgae Affect the Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Milk: Quantification of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Its Distribution at Sn-2 Position.

The objective of this study was to detect the influence of dietary Schizochytrium microalgae on milk composition, milk fatty acids, and milk sn-2 fatty acids in goat's milk. Firstly, we could see that the fat content increased in low microalgae supplementation goat's milk (LM, 15 g/day) and the lactose content decreased in medium microalgae supplementation goat's milk (MM, 25 g/day) compared with control goat's milk (C, 0 g/day). Moreover, the absolute concentration of the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of LM, MM, and high microalgae supplementation (HM, 35 g/day) goat's milk was 29.485, 32.351, and 24.817 mg/100 g raw milk, respectively, which were all higher than that in the control goat's milk with 4.668 mg/100 g raw milk. In addition, the sn-2 DHA content increased in MM and HM goat's milk. However, the decreasing trend of the sn-2 DHA content was observed in LM goat's milk. As for other fatty acids, the oleic acid (C18:1n9c) and linolenic acid (C18:3n3) content decreased and increased, respectively, in all experimental goat milk. Finally, an interesting phenomenon was found, which was that docosanoic acid (C22:0) and tetracosenic acid (C24:1) were only detected in test goat's milk. Consequently, the phenomena of this study demonstrated that dietary Schizochytrium microalgae have an obvious effect on the fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid profile of goat's milk, and they provide an effective method to improve the content of goat's milk DHA in practical production.

Antidiabetic Effect of High-Chromium Yeast Against Type 2 Diabetic KK-Ay Mice.

High chromium yeast has attracted many researchers for its high efficiency and high safety among chromium supplements. The preventive effect of oral high-chromium yeast on diabetes was assessed using KK-AY mice. Sixteen-wk-old type 2 diabetic KK-AY mice were divided into five groups and orally administered with two types of drying processed high-chromium yeast, chromium picolinate at 1000 µg Cr/kg/d, metformin (positive control), and normal yeast (negative control) for 13 weeks. The spray-dried high-chromium yeast significantly delayed the onset of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic KK-AY mice (P < 0.05) and significantly improved fasting blood glucose, TG(triglyceride), and TCHO(total cholesterol) . Histopathological analysis showed that the spray-dried high-chromium yeast led to high affinities for the stains to the ß-cells in the islets of Langerhans and alleviated hepatic steatosis. High-chromium yeast could be a potential candidate for nutritional supplement to ameliorate diabetes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Chromium plays an important role in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. The result show that spray-dried high chromium yeast significantly delayed the onset of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic KK-AY mice. As one of chromium supplements, the purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of high chromium yeast on the type 2 diabetes and drying method on its bioactivity, which will be useful for research and development of high-chromium yeast and improvement of pharmacological activity-based quality control.

Differences in the Triacylglycerol and Fatty Acid Compositions of Human Colostrum and Mature Milk.

Human colostrum is important for immune system development and plays a protective role for infants. However, the comprehensive exploration of lipids, which account for 3-5% of milk, and their biological functions in human colostrum was limited. In present study, the triacylglycerol (TAG) and fatty acid (FA) compositions of human colostrum and mature milk were analyzed and compared. Variations were observed in both the TAG and FA compositions. The concentrations of 18:1/18:1/16:0 TAG, high-molecular-weight and unsaturated TAGs were significantly higher in colostrum, whereas mature milk contained more low/medium-molecular-weight TAGs and medium-chain FAs. Furthermore, there were also specific TAGs in both colostrum and mature milk. Our data highlighted targets for further investigation to elucidate the biological function of lipids in colostrum milk. In addition, the comprehensive analysis of TAGs in Chinese colostrum might help in designing infant formula for Chinese babies, especially the preterm ones.

Comparative proteomics of milk fat globule membrane in goat colostrum and mature milk.

As an important nutrient source in large area of world, the composition and nutritional value of goat milk are not well deliberated. Detailed annotation of protein composition is essential to address the physiological and nutritional value of goat milk. In the present study, 423 colostrum and mature goat milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins were identified. The abundance of 189 proteins was significantly different between colostrums and mature milk MFGM. The acute phase proteins were higher in colostrums MFGM than those in mature milk MFGM which protected newborns at the beginning of life. Proteins related to synthesis and secretion were conserved through lactation to ensure the milk production. Of note, long term depression (LTD) proteins were observed in colostrum and mature milk MFGM. Milk LTD proteins could be potential biomarkers for diagnosis of lactation related depressive syndromes and should be taken into considerations of their effects on newborns.