[Effect of Antibiotic-Degrading Bacteria on Maturity and Bacterial Community Succession During Pig Manure Composting].

The inoculation of antibiotic-degrading bacteria into manure could promote the removal of antibiotics during composting. However, knowledge on the impact of inoculating these antibiotic-degrading bacteria on the composting process and indigenous microbial community succession is still limited. This study assessed the antibiotic removal efficiency in pig manure after inoculating a microbial inoculum with antibiotic-degrading bacteria as the key component. The effect of inoculating this microbial inoculum on the physicochemical dynamics and the succession of the manure bacterial community during composting was also analyzed. The results showed that the antibiotic degradation in pig manure reached 81.95% after inoculating the microbial inoculum. When compared with that in the control, the total concentration of antibiotic residues in manure with the microbial agent inoculated was decreased by 42.18%. During composting, inoculating the microbial inoculum accelerated the temperature rise of compost, favored water loss, and alleviated the release of NH3 and H2S. Moreover, the total nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in the final compost and the germination index of radish seeds increased by 6.80% and 68.33%, respectively, after inoculating this microbial inoculum. Furthermore, inoculating the microbial inoculum increased the content of stable organic carbon in the final compost and decreased the content of recalcitrant substances such as cellulose and hemicellulose. The analysis of the manure bacterial community showed that inoculating the microbial inoculum increased the relative abundances of Actinomycetes and Firmicutes in the compost. In particular, the thermophilic bacteria that was positively related to the compost temperature was increased significantly (P<0.01) after inoculating the microbial inoculum, whereas the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria was correspondingly decreased. Network analysis of the bacterial coexistence pattern showed that inoculating this microbial inoculum also changed the interaction pattern of indigenous manure bacterial communities, which greatly reduced the complexity and connectivity of the bacterial interaction and improved the ecological relationship between beneficial bacteria and other bacterial communities. The effect of this microbial inoculum on the interaction with manure bacterial community laid a foundation for the establishment of a new and healthier composting bacterial community. This study provides a scientific basis for the application and development of multifunctional antibiotic-degrading microbial agents in manure treatments.

[Transcriptomic data analyses of wild and cultivated Angelica sinensis root by high-throughput sequencing technology].

The root of Angelica sinensis is known throughout Asia for its traditional efficacy in invigorating and promoting blood circulation. The wild germplasm resources of A. sinensis was in short supply, and most of the commercial medicinal materials come from cultivation. To obtain the differences in the transcriptional levels of wild and cultivated of A. sinensis, the full-length transcriptome of A. sinensis was analyzed using PacBio SMRT three-generation high-throughput sequencing technology. Using the high-throughput sequencing platform Illumina HiSeq X Ten PE150, a root transcriptome dataset of wild and cultivated A.sinensis was obtained. The transcriptome sequencing analyses obtained 16.5 Gb database in wild and cultivated A.sinensis, after assembly steps, we obtain 113 906 transcript sequences(insfroms) with an average length of 1 466 nt. BLAST analysis indicated that 109 113(accounting for 95.79% of the total insfroms), 93 276(81.89%),60 638(53.24%),48 928(42.95%),42 876(37.64%)isofroms were successfully annotated in the NR, Swiss-port, GO, KO and KOG databases, respectively. The annotation information can be classified into three categories of biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions of GO classification, involving 128 KEGG standard metabolic pathways. Analysis of 25 463 differential insfroms, 15 090 higher expression in wild A. sinensis, and 10 373 higher in cultivated A. sinensis. In the enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG, differential insfroms were concentrated on the pathway of plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway-plant and plant hormone signal transduction. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to obtain the full-length transcription information of A. sinensis, and the overall characteristics of A. sinensis genetic information were clarified. By comparing the differential expression of wild and cultivated A. sinensis at the genetic level, it provides basic information for further screening and breeding of A. sinensis germplasm resources, resistance research and secondary metabolic pathway analysis.

Impact of Bacillus on Phthalides Accumulation in Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) by Stoichiometry and Microbial Diversity Analysis.

Plant-microorganism interaction in the rhizosphere is thought to play an important role in the formation of soil fertility, transformation and absorption of nutrients, growth and development of medicinal plants, and accumulation of medicinal ingredients. Yet, the role that they play in the phthalides accumulation of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels remains unclear. In the present study, we report a correlative analysis between rhizosphere microorganisms and phthalides accumulation in A. sinensis from Gansu, China where was the major production areas. Meanwhile, Bacillus was explored the potential functions in the plant growth and phthalide accumulation. Results revealed that the common bacterial species detected in six samples comprised 1150 OTUs which were involved in 368 genera, and predominant taxa include Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria. The average contents of the six phthalides were 4.0329 mg/g. The correlation analysis indicated that 20 high abundance strains showed positive or negative correlations with phthalides accumulation. Flavobacterium, Nitrospira, Gaiella, Bradyrhizobium, Mycobacterium, Bacillus, RB41, Blastococcus, Nocardioides, and Solirubrobacter may be the key strains that affect phthalides accumulation on the genus level. By the plant-bacterial co-culture and fermentation, Bacillus which were isolated from rhizosphere soils can promote the plant growth, biomass accumulation and increased the contents of the butylidenephthalide (36∼415%) while the ligustilide (12∼67%) was decreased. Altogether, there is an interaction between rhizosphere microorganisms and phthalides accumulation in A. sinensis, Bacillus could promote butylidenephthalide accumulation while inhibiting ligustilide accumulation.

[Research & development and evaluation of oral films].

Oral film is a new type of oral preparation. Due to portability, simple preparation process and good clinical compliance, oral films have become the focus of novel drug delivery system in recent years. Meanwhile, oral films have been gradually used in the development of Chinese medicine preparations. According to the application and approval situation of different types of oral films both at home and abroad in recent years, their research and development status was analyzed, including the basic concept, formulation, manufacturing process and quality control, as well as related progress and development prospects of oral films applied in traditional Chinese medicine. Some suggestions on the technical evaluation of oral films were put forward by considering specific requirements from regulatory agencies. This paper could provide some references for the development and evaluation of oral films. Due to the complexity of the drug substances and the particularity of the drug product, the development and application of oral films in traditional Chinese medicine are still faced with opportunity and challenges.