RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disease characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort associated with altered bowel habits. Several clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion for IBS. Many systematic reviews of acupuncture and moxibustion for IBS have been published in recent years, but their results are not entirely consistent. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the methodological, reporting, and evidence quality of systematic reviews of acupuncture and moxibustion for IBS. SEARCH STRATEGY: Systematic reviews of acupuncture and moxibustion for IBS published before February 20, 2023 were searched in eight databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, and China Biology Medicine. The keywords used for literature search were acupuncture, moxibustion, systematic review, meta-analysis, and irritable bowel syndrome. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture and moxibustion for IBS were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS: Relevant information was independently extracted by two investigators. The A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2), Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020), and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) were used to evaluate the methodological quality, reporting quality and evidence quality, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 342 studies were retrieved and 15 systematic reviews were included. The results of AMSTAR 2 showed low methodological quality in 2 studies and very low methodological quality in the remaining 13 studies, with main issues being failure to register a protocol, incomplete search strategy, not providing a list of excluded studies, incomplete consideration of the risk of bias in the included studies, and a failure to assess the publication bias. The results of PRISMA 2020 showed seriously deficient reporting quality of 2 studies, somewhat deficient reporting quality of 12 studies, and relatively complete reporting quality of 1 study, with the main problems being lack of a complete search strategy, non-availability of a list of excluded studies with justification for their exclusion, not conducting heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses, not evaluating the credibility of the evidence, and not registering the protocol. The results of GRADE showed that the quality of the evidence is low or very low. CONCLUSION: Most included systematic reviews interpreted findings to suggest that acupuncture and moxibustion have benefits for IBS. However, there is a need to improve the methodological, reporting and evidence quality of the systematic reviews. Larger, multicenter, rigorously designed randomized controlled trials and high-quality systematic reviews are required to obtain more robust evidence. PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS: Ma YY, Hao Z, Chen ZY, Shen YX, Liu HR, Wu HG, Bao CH. Acupuncture and moxibustion for irritable bowel syndrome: An umbrella systematic review. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(1): 22-31.
Assuntos
Terapia por Acupuntura , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável , Moxibustão , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/terapia , Humanos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of formula of removing both phlegm and blood stasis (TYTZ) in inhibiting the inflammatory reaction in Chinese mini-swine with coronary atherosclerosis. METHOD: Totally 36 Chinese mini-swine were randomly divided to six groups: the normal control group, the model group, the Shujiangzhi group and TYTZ groups with does of 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 g x kg(-1), and six each in every group. Except for the normal control group, all of other groups were fed with high-fat diet for 2 weeks. Interventional balloons are adopted to injure their left anterior descending artery endothelium. After the operation, they were fed with high-fat diet for 8 weeks to prepare the coronary atherosclerosis model. In the 8th week after the operation and administration, the intravascular ultrasound was adopted to observe the coronary artery plaque burden of each group and the pathological morphology of coronary artery. Such inflammatory factors as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 were detected by ELISA. The expression of NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation was observed by the immunohistochemical method. RESULT: Compared with the normal control group, the model group showed significant increase in the coronary artery plaque burden at the end of the experiment (P < 0.01), notably abnormal structural changes in atherosclerotic vascular tissues, luminal stenosis, a large number of foam cells and inflammatory cell infiltration, remarkable growth of hs-CRP, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels (P < 0.01). The immunohistochemical staining also showed the significant increase in the NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation of coronary artery of Chinese mini-swine in the model group. Compared with the model group, TYTZ could significantly attenuate atherosclerotic plaque burden (P < 0.01), inhibit the coronary luminal stenosis, reduce inflammatory cell infiltration, decrease such inflammatory cell factors as hs-CRP, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in serum, and inhibit the NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation of coronary artery (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: TYTZ can reduce the downstream inflammatory reaction by controlling NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation, so as to inhibit the occurrence and development of coronary atherosclerotic plaque in Chinese mini-swine.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa/métodos , Mucosa/metabolismo , Porco Miniatura , Animais , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/patologia , Feminino , Inflamação/complicações , Interleucina-6/sangue , Masculino , Mucosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Suínos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
Cinnamaldehyde is a principle compound isolated from Guizhi-Tang (GZT), which is a famous traditional Chinese medical formula used to treat influenza, common cold and other pyretic conditions. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4 (TRPV4) is expressed in the anterior hypothalamus and may act as thermosensor. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the expression of TRPV4 in mouse cerebral microvascular endothelial cell strain (b.End3). In the research work, the b.End3 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in the presence or absence of ruthenium red (RR), a kind of known TRPV4 inhibitor, or different concentrations of cinnamaldehyde. The results suggested that IL-1beta significantly increase production of PGE2 and cinnamaldehyde evidently decrease IL-1beta-induced PGE2 production, while RR showed no inhibitory effect on PGE2 production. Moreover, it was identified that TRPV4 was expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in b.End3 cells. IL-1beta could up-regulate the expression of TRPV4, RR and cinnamaldehyde could down-regulate the high expression of mRNA and protein of TRPV4 by IL-1beta induced in b.End3 cells. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde decreased the production of PGE2 and the expression of TRPV4 in b.End3 cells induced by IL-1beta.
Assuntos
Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/farmacologia , Córtex Cerebral , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Canais de Cátion TRPV/biossíntese , Acroleína/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Córtex Cerebral/irrigação sanguínea , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Córtex Cerebral/imunologia , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/citologia , Interleucina-1beta/farmacologia , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Camundongos , Microcirculação/citologiaRESUMO
3-phenyl-propenal is one of the principle compounds isolated from Guizhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi), the principal drug in Guizhi-Tang (GZT), a famous traditional Chinese medical formula. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 3-phenyl-propenal on the expression of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR4 and the downstream signaling components on Raw264.7 murine microphages. Raw264.7 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing LPS (lipopolysaccharide) or poly (I:C) in the presence or absence of 3-phenyl-propenal. After 24-hour incubation, the medium was collected and the amount of TNF-alpha and IFN-beta was measured by ELISA. mRNA expression of TLR3, TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor (MyD88), TRAF-6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated), TRAM (toll-like receptor-associated molecule) and TRIF (TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta) were analyzed by real-time PCR with SYBR green dye. Protein expression of TLR3 and TLR4 was analyzed by Western blotting and that of MyD88 and TRAF-6 was analyzed by immunofluorescence assay. The results indicate that LPS increased the expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF-6, TRAM and TRIF, but had no influence on TLR3, while poly (I:C) up-regulated the expression of TLR3, MyD88, TRAM and TRIF. 3-phenyl-propenal significantly decreased the expression of LPS-induced TLR4, MyD88, TRAF-6, while possessing no effect on LPS-induced TRAM and TRIF expression in Raw264.7 cells. When cells were stimulated by poly (I:C), 3-phenyl-propenal significantly decreased TLR3 and MyD88 expression. In conclusion, 3-phenyl-propenal blocked the over-expression of TLR3, TLR4, their downstream signaling components MyD88 and TRAF-6, which indicate that it had an antagonistic effect on TLR3 and TLR4.
Assuntos
Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Macrófagos/fisiologia , Receptores Toll-Like/genética , Acroleína/farmacologia , Animais , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Linhagem Celular , Interferon beta/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Receptor 3 Toll-Like/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 3 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
To observe the effects of phenylallyl compounds on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in mouse cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd. 3) stimulated by IL-1beta, and to analyze their structure-activity relationship. Different concentrations of phenylallyl compounds were added separately, and the content of PGE2 induced by IL-1beta in the culture media was measured by ELISA assay. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PGE2 was calculated. Studies showed that phenylallyl compounds could affect the PGE2 release differently in bEnd. 3 cells induced by IL-1beta. Close relationships were shown between the inhibitory activities and the location and number of the substituent groups. In conclusion, phenylallyl compounds exhibited inhibitory activities at different extent on PGE2 release in bEnd. 3 cells stimulated by IL-1beta and presented certain structure-activity relationship.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Cinamatos/farmacologia , Dinoprostona/antagonistas & inibidores , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/farmacologia , Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Acroleína/isolamento & purificação , Acroleína/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Cinamatos/isolamento & purificação , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Microvasos/citologia , Propanóis/isolamento & purificação , Propanóis/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influences of Shensu Yin to RAW 264.7 on the expression of TLR3, TLR4 and the factors of the downstream in RAW 264. 7 cells. METHOD: RAW 264.7 cell line was stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide and POLY I: C, respectively, and treated with the drug serum of Shensuyin simultaneously. 24 hours later, collected the supernatant and measured the inflammatory factors TNF-alpha and IFN-beta, extracted mRNA and measured the expression of TLR3, TLR4 and other correlated indexes of the downstream, analyzed and evaluated Shensu Yin's substance basis of pharmacodynamic actions. RESULT: Shensu Yin drug serum depressed the expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF-6, TRAM and TRIF mRNA, as a result, it decreased the amount of TNF-alpha and IFN-beta. CONCLUSION: Depressing the expression of TLR3, MyD88, TRAM and TRIF mRNA may be the elementary basis of Shensu Yin to play heat-clearing and detoxicating effect.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 3 Toll-Like/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Combinação de Medicamentos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/isolamento & purificação , Interferon beta/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/genética , Plantas Medicinais/química , Poli I-C/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Interleucina/genética , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) works as a common final mediator of the febrile. Guizhi-Tang, one of the most famous traditional Chinese medical formula used to treat influenza, common cold and other pyretic conditions, was previously reported to reduce the production of PGE 2 in rats. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde is a principle compound isolated from Guizhi-Tang. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde on PGE2 production of rat cerebral endothelial cells (CECs). 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde dose-dependently inhibited interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced PGE2 production in CECs with IC50 values of 174 microM. IL-1beta stimulation increased the protein, activity and mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 but not COX-1. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde reduced IL-1beta-induced protein and activity of COX-2, but did not influence the COX-2 mRNA expression. Our results show that prostaglandin production in CECs during stimulated conditions is sensitive to inhibition by 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde and suggest that 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde may reduce COX-2 protein level and activity but not COX-2 mRNA.
Assuntos
Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Dinoprostona/biossíntese , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-1beta/farmacologia , Acroleína/química , Acroleína/isolamento & purificação , Acroleína/farmacologia , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/química , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/isolamento & purificação , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/farmacologia , Animais , Western Blotting , Células Cultivadas , Córtex Cerebral/irrigação sanguínea , Cinamatos/química , Cinamatos/isolamento & purificação , Cinamatos/farmacologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/genética , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/isolamento & purificação , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Endotélio Vascular/citologia , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Proteínas de Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Fator de von Willebrand/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (isolated from fraction A of Guizhi Tang) on activity of COX and PGE2 release in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (rCMEC) stimulated by IL-1. METHOD: rCMEC were cultured, and identified by immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor (VIII factor, a marker for all endothelial cells) in cytoplasm of the cells. Different concentrations of 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde were added respectively and incubated for 3 hours, then stimulated for another 12 hours by IL-1. Activities of COX-1 and COX-2 in rCMEC, and production of PGE2 in the conditioned media were measured by ELISA. RESULT: Positive immunostaining for VIII factor was present diffusely in the cytoplasm of > 90% rCMEC. After being exposed to 30 ng x mL(-1) IL, the activity of COX-2 in rCMEC and the production of PGE2 in conditioned media were higher than those of control group, while there was no difference on activity of COX-1 in the two groups. 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde could down-regulate them in concentration-dependently, and significant differences on the activity of COX-2 and amount of PGE2 were showed in 200 microg x mL(-1) concentration. CONCLUSION: 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde can affect the PGE2 release in rCMEC induced by IL-1, which might be related with its inhibition on the activity of COX-2.
Assuntos
Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Acroleína/administração & dosagem , Acroleína/isolamento & purificação , Acroleína/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Combinação de Medicamentos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/isolamento & purificação , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Interleucina-1/antagonistas & inibidores , Masculino , Microcirculação/citologia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Cinnamaldehyde is a principle compound isolated from Guizhi-Tang, which is a famous traditional Chinese medical formula used to treat influenza, common cold and other pyretic conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on expression and activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (RCMEC). RCMEC were cultured, and identified by immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor in cytoplasm of the cells. Then cells were incubated in M199 medium containing interleukin (IL)-1beta in the presence or absence of cinnamaldehyde. After incubation, the medium was collected and the amount of PGE(2) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cells were harvested, mRNA expression and activity of COX were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with SYBR Green dye and ELISA respectively. Positive immunostaining for von Willebrand factor was present diffusely in the cytoplasm of >95% RCMEC. IL-1beta increased the mRNA expression and activity of COX-2, and production of PGE(2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner in RCMEC, while mRNA and activity of COX-1 were not significantly altered. Cinnamaldehyde significantly decreased IL-1beta-induced COX-2 activity and PGE(2) production in a dose-dependent manner, while it showed no inhibitory effect on IL-1beta-induced COX-2 mRNA expression in cultured RCMEC. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde reduces IL-1beta-induced COX-2 activity, but not IL-1beta-induced COX-2 mRNA expression, and consequently inhibits production of PGE(2) in cultured RCMEC.