Iron supplementation in young iron-deficient females causes gastrointestinal redox imbalance: protective effect of a fermented nutraceutical.

The aim of this study was to assess whether the concomitant supplementation of certified fermented papaya preparation (FPP, ORI, Gifu, Japan) together with iron supplementation could beneficially affect lipid peroxidation either systemically and at a intraluminal gut level in women with low iron stores. Treatment compliance and iron absorption was assessed as well. Fifty-two non-pregnant, fertile, non-smokers, healthy women with iron deficiency were recruited. The women were given iron supplements (100 mg Fe/d as ferrous sulfate) to be taken daily for 12 weeks (group A). Group B patients were also supplemented with 6g/day of a FPP. A detailed life style questionnaire was administered to all subjects. Iron, ferritin, transferrin receptors (Tf R) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma were measured. The RBCs lysate was used for the estimation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The total and free iron concentration as well as analysis of oxidative stress in the feces was measured. FPP-supplemented subjects showed a significantly lower degree of gastrointestinal discomfort (p less than 0.05) and abolished the iron supplementation-induced increase of MDA (p less than 0.001) and the depletion of SOD and GPx (p less than 0.01). Moreover, the nutraceutical co-administration brought about a significant reduction of gut oxidative damage and lower fecal content of either total and free iron (p less than 0.05 vs group A). Overall, group B showed a better TfR/ferritin ratio response (p less than 0.05 vs group A). While iron supplementation maintains its clinical relevance considering the prevalence of iron deficiency among females, a careful clinical evaluation and a protective nutraceutical co-administration, as our data suggest with FPP, should be considered.

Prophylactic strategies in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a 2-year study testing a phytonutrient vs itraconazole.

The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical efficacy of a one week/month treatment with a phytocompound with antimycotic properties (K-712, with following 100 mg composition: 10 mg of oleoresin from Pseudowintera colorata at 30 percent concentration in Polygodial together with trace amounts of Olea europea) in recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidiasis (RVVC), as compared to once a week treatment with an azole drug for 24 months follow up. This prospective randomized study involving 122 women (19 to 63 years old) with a history of proven episodes of RVVC in the prior 12 months. Patients were allocated in two treatment groups of 61 patients each and given A) Itraconazole 200 mg orally once a week or B) 1 tab twice a day of K-712 for one week/month. Each treatment schedule was well tolerated with 19 patients in the azole group complaining of transient mild symptoms (nausea, abdominal discomfort, unpleasant taste), while only 3 patients on K-712 reported slight dyspepsia. The number of relapses was significantly lower in the K-712-treated group as compared to the itraconazole-group (22 vs 39, p less than 0.05). Moreover, the former group showed a significantly decreased number of cases resistant or dose-dependent susceptible as compared to group A (p less than 0.05 vs itraconazole) and the same occurred for the occurrence of non-albicans species (group A 64.1 percent vs group B 31.8 percent, p less than 0.05). The overall mycological cure at the end of the 2-year study showed a comparable benefit between the two groups. From these data it appears that the present antifungal phytonutrient is equally effective as itraconazole in the overall treatment of RVVC over a 2-year follow-up, but yielding a significantly better prophylactic effect and also maintenance benefit with lower relapse rate, antifungal susceptibility and growth of azole-resistant species.

Effective properties of a sturgeon-based bioactive compound on stress-induced hippocampal degeneration and on in vitro neurogenesis.

The aim of this study is to test the activity of a marine bioactive compound containing high-purity caviar-derived DNA, collagen elastin and protein extracts from sturgeon (LD-1227, Caviarlieri, Laboratoires Dom, Switzerland) to exert neuroprotective properties in an experimental setting while also being potential triggers of neurogenesis in a separate in vitro study. Supplementation with high-DHA mixture of LD-1227 was applied for 30 days to stress model rats. Both supplementations significantly mitigated the histological brain damage when analyzing hippocampal subregions and corticosterone level. However, LD-1227 was most significantly efficient in preventing SOD, Catalase and ascorbic acid decrease in brain tissue. Both supplementations stimulated neurogenesis in vitro and neuron markers in particular but og olygodendrocyte markers and glia increased only in LD-1227-enriched medium. Taken together, these data suggest that LD-1227 is able to significantly protect the brain structure redox system to higher degree than DHA. Moreover, from in vitro study it appears that marine bioactive compound, through it wide array of small unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids and neurotransmitter precursors, is likely to influence neuronal and glial lineage to act differently from a DHA-rich mixture.

Is there a potential application of a fermented nutraceutical in acute respiratory illnesses? An in-vivo placebo-controlled, cross-over clinical study in different age groups of healthy subjects.

The role of oxidants in viral diseases is fairly complex because it includes metabolic regulation both of host metabolism and viral replication. However, a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) as mediators of virus-induced lung damage is supported by studies and antioxidants can thus be expected to act at many different levels. The aim of the present pilot study was to test an antioxidant nutraceutical approach on some relevant immunological parameters known to be affected in common seasonal respiratory tract infection. The study population consisted of 90 sedentary healthy patients, previously selected as being GSTM1-positive, divided into three groups: A) 20-40 years; B) 41-65 years; B) over 65 years. Each patients was administered a life style and dietary questionnaire. Subjects were supplemented for 6 weeks with either 9g/day (4.5g twice a day sublingually) of a fermented papaya preparation (Osato Research Institute, Gifu, Japan) or placebo. After a further month period of wash out, subjects were treated again in a crossover manner. Parameters checked were as follows: routine blood tests with WBC formula, saliva flow rate and secretary IgA and lysozyme production and redox gene expression of Phase II enzyme and SOD from upper airways cells (from nasal lavage). Salivary secretion rate showed an age-related decline and was significantly increased by FPP supplementation only in the youngest age-group (p less than 0.05). Subjects treated with FPP showed a significantly higher lever of IgA and lisozyme production., irrespective of age group while their baseline production was significantly lower in the oldest age-group as compared to the youngest one (C vs A, p less than 0.05). FPP treatment brought about a significant upregulation of all phase II enzyme and SOD gene expression tested in nasal lavage cells. In conclusion, FPP supplementation during 1 month resulted in higher salivary IgA and increase in phase II and SOD enzyme expression, i.e the most important antioxidant in the respiratory tract. The biological significance of these effects i.e., whether it will help reducing the whole respiratory oxidative stress in the human airway and, hopefully, the incidence and/or severity of URTI remains to be demonstrated in longer clinical trials.

Advantage of carbonate-versus citrate-based alkalinization on bone metabolism in moderately exercising aged male rats fed an acidogenic diet.

This study aims to determine the effects of different alkaline supplementations on high protein diet-induced abnormalities affecting bone metabolism in rats which were also undergoing physical exercise of moderate intensity. Sixty elderly Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 rats each and treated for 16 weeks as follows: baseline control group fed normal food (C); acidic high-protein diet supplemented group (chronic acidosis, CA group), bicarbonate-based alkaline formula (Basenpulver, Named, Italy) supplemented chronic acidosis (BB-CA) and citrate-based alkaline supplement (CB-CA). Throughout the supplementation period, rats were put on a treadmill training mimicking a moderate level of exercise. In the CA group, 24-hour urinary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) excretion were increased over 30 percent (p<0.05 vs normal diet controls). However serum Ca was not significantly changed. Femural and tibial BMD and BMC was significantly decreased in the CA group (p<0.05) but both alkaline supplementations prevented such phenomenon (p<0.05 vs CA), without significant difference between the two formulations although the BB-CA group showed significantly more preserved trabecular bone volume (p<0.05 vs CB-CA group). An increased level of over 50 percent of urinary Dpd observed in the CA group (p<0.001) was reverted to normal by both supplementations (p<0.001 vs CA group). The same applied to urinary net acid excretion (p<001) with BB-supplementation performing better than CB-supplementation (p<0.05). Moreover, while the latter did not modify Nterminal telopeptide value, BB-supplementation significantly normalized this parameter (p<0.05 vs CA group) which exercise and acidic protein diet had modified (p<0.01 vs control diet). Overall, the present study shows that a bicarbonate-based alkaline formula, when administered to a dose amenable to clinical use, may significantly protect bone structure in exercising aged animals to a greater extent than a quali/quantitavely similar citrate-based formula.

Redox balance signalling in occupational stress: modification by nutraceutical intervention.

There is increasing evidence that psychosocial stress can be viewed as a system-wide derangement of cellular homeostasis, with heightened oxidative stress and triggered proinflammatory mechanisms. The aim of this study is twofold: a) to replicate findings that psychological stress increases oxidative damage and b) to determine whether a fermented papaya preparation known to exert significant protective antioxidant properties could buffer such increases in nuclear DNA damage while also inducing epigenetic protective mechanisms. Twenty-eight sedentary men and women (age range: 28-52), who reported living a stressful lifestyle but with an overall positive attitude, were recruited for this study. Chronic diseases as well as severe burnout and use of drugs for anxiety constituted exclusion criteria. Subjects were supplemented for 1 month with 9 g/day (4.5 g twice a day) of a certified fermented papaya preparation. All subjects were given a stress and sleep quality questionnaire together with a diet and life style assessment. Blood was collected at 2 and 4 week, erythrocyte and leukocyte were separated to assess redox balance and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression while bilirubin oxidized metabolites (BOMs) were tested in the urine. Stressed individuals showed a significant abnormality of redox status with increased MDA of erythrocyte and increased level of 8-0HdG in leukocyte and BOMs excretion (p<0.05). Nutraceutical supplementation brought about a normalization of such values already at the 2 week observation (p<0.05) together with a significant upregulation of HO-1 (p<0.01). Taken together, the results of this study confirm that stressful occupational life per se, without any overt psychiatric illness, may be associated to increased oxidative stress. Supplementation with functional food affecting redox regulation may be part of the therapeutic armamentarium to be considered in this clinical setting.

Beneficial nutraceutical modulation of cerebral erythropoietin expression and oxidative stress: an experimental study.

The main object of this study is to examine the effect of Klamin®, a nutraceutical containing phenylethylamine, phycocyanins, mycosporine-like aminoacids and aphanizomenon flos aquae-phytochrome on the learning and memory ability, the oxidative status and cerebral erythropoietin and its receptor EPO/EPOR system in prematurely senescent (PS) mice. A total of 28 PS mice, selected according to a prior T-maze test, and 26 non-prematurely senescent mice (NPS) mice were chosen. PS animals were divided into 3 groups and followed for 4 weeks: A) normal chow diet; B) added with Klamin® at 20 mg/kg/day (low dose); C) added with Klamin® at 100mg/kg/day (high dose). A further group of NPS mice given either normal food (group D) or high dose Klamin® (group E) was also considered. The behavioral procedures of spatial learning ability (Morris test) showed that PS mice had significantly longer learning time as compared to their NPS counterpart (p<0.01), but this effect was prevented especially in mice supplemented with high-dose Klamin® (p<0.05) which improved performances in NPS mice (p<0.05). High-dose Klamin® supplementation restored the depleted total thiol concentration in the brain observed in PS mice while normalizing their increased malonildialdehyde level (p<0.05). Moreover, the high-dosage only caused a significant upregulation of EPO/EPOR system both in PS and in NPS animals (p<0.05). Taken together, these data suggest that this specific alga Klamath extract has considerable antioxidant and adaptogenic properties, also through a stimulatory effect of cerebral EPO/EPO system.

Effect of a fermented nutraceutical on thioredoxin level and TNF-alpha signalling in cirrhotic patients.

The aim of this study is to gain further insights into the possible nutraceutical effect on redox balance via thioredoxin (Trx) modulation and on the intrinsic susceptibility of monocytes to generate an inflammatory response. The study group consisted of thirty-two patients with compensated Child A-C, HCV-related cirrhosis. The patients were supplemented for 6 months with 6g/day of a certified fermented papaya preparation (FPP). Fifteen unsupplemented, age/gender-matched healthy subjects served as controls. The patients filled in a detailed diet-life style questionnaire, and blood samples were collected to test routine biochemistry, Trx, redox status (GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG ratio, 4-HNE and alpha-tocopherol). Moreover, isolated monocytes were tested for ex-vivo LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha production and TNF-alpha mRNA. As compared to control, patients with liver cirrhosis showed a significantly higher serum level of Trx. A significant correlation occurred with GSH/GSSG ratio in Child B and C patients. FPP supplementation brought about a significant reduction of Trx with levels comparable to the ones of healthy controls. Ten patients Child C (31.2 percent) showed borderline low levels of alpha-tocopherol while all cirrhotic patients, as a whole, showed a significantly abnormal redox balance. Supplementation with FPP did not modify alpha-tocopherol depletion but significantly improved redox balance parameters. Patients with liver cirrhosis showed a significantly upregulated TNF-alpha production in a time-dependent manner and this effect was more pronounced in more advanced stages of the disease and showed a significant correlation with alpha-tocopherol level. Supplementation with FPP significantly, although partially, downregulated TNF-alpha production from monocytes. Taken altogether, it would appear that the typical oxidative-inflammatory biochemical milieu of these patients is mirrored by a significant TNF-alpha upregulation at a monocyte level while a targeted nutraceutical might be a potentially amenable intervention to be part of validated scheduled treatments.

Protective effect of an oral natural phytonutrient in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a 12-month study.

The aim of the present study is to assess the clinical efficacy of a phytocompound with antimicotic properties (K-712, with the following 100 mg composition: 10 mg of oleoresin from Pseudowintera colorata at 30 percent concentration in Polygodial together with trace amounts of Olea europea) in recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidiasis (RVVC) as compared to an azole drug during a 12-month period: 6 months of treatment followed by 6 months of observation. This prospective randomized study involved 82 women (19-61 years) with complaints of abnormal vaginal discharge and with a history of at least four proven episodes of RVVC in the previous 12 months. Patients were divided into two groups of treatment of 41 patients each and were given: A) Itraconazole 200 mg orally daily for 4 days, then 200 mg once weekly for 6 months or B) 1 tablet twice a day of a K-712 for 4 weeks and then for the first 2 weeks of each month for a total of 6 months. Both groups were then followed-up for further 6 months. Each treatment schedule was well tolerated with only 4 patients in the azole group complaining of transient mild symptoms (nausea, abdominal discomfort, unpleasant taste). Itraconazole reached an earlier symptomatic relief during the first two weeks of observation as compared with K-712 (p<0.05) but both treatments enabled a comparable benefit during the entire treatment study period, afterwards with comparable symptom/sign score (itraconazole vs K-712: 9 vs 11). At 6-month observation, mycological cure was reached by 83 percent in the itraconazole group and in 78 percent of the K-712-treated patients. During the further 6-month observation period without treatment, the itraconazole group showed significantly more relapses (65.7 vs 34.2 in K-712, p<0.05) and at the end of the whole 12-month study period the mycological cure was significantly higher in the K-712-treated patients (65.8 vs 34.3 percent, p<0.05). There was a non- significant trend increase of less drug-susceptible species in the itraconazole group. From these preliminary data it would appear that a natural antifungal phytocompound proves to be as good as itraconazole in the maintenance treatment of RVVC. Moreover, this approach seems to maintain a higher mycological success rate afterwards by reducing the number of relapses and probably of the growth of azole-resistant species.

Comparative study of cinnamon oil and clove oil on some oral microbiota.

A comparative study was carried out between cinnamon oil and clove oil on the oral micro-biota causing dental caries. Cinnamon oil was found to be more effective than clove oil exhibiting broad spectrum of antibacterial activity inhibiting all the ten test bacterial species involved in dental caries. Cinnamon oil produced maximum inhibition zone of diameter (IZD) of 24.0 mm against Streptococcus mutans (major causative bacteria of dental plaque) as compared to clove oil (IZD = 13.0mm). This is contrary to the popular belief that clove oil is effective in tooth decay and dental plaque. This study shows the potential of cinnamon oil over clove oil in the treatment of dental caries. (www.actabiomedica.it).

Subclinical candiduria in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies: a preliminary study on the protective effect of a natural phytocompound.

There is a great concern for the increasing incidence of candidiasis in cancer patients following immune-suppressive, cytostatic or antibiotic treatment. There are cancer patients with repeat asymptomatic recovery of candida in the urine in whom the choice of treatment, if any, is still a matter of debate. The aim of the study is to test the efficacy and tolerability of a natural anti-fungal phytocompound in patients with tumors of the gastrointestinal tract with prior or ongoing candiduria. Thirty-nine patients with operated gastrointestinal malignancies (18 still under current chemotherapy) with a history of repeated candiduria were enrolled. Eleven patients showed candiduria on enrolment and were treated with K-712, a natural antifungal phytocompound. Genomic analysis was carried out on blood samples of all patients on a monthly basis for 6 months. Within 3 weeks all 11 treated patients had negative cultures in the urine (10 patients after 2 weeks), 7 patients remained free of candiduria throughout the study period while 4 required a new treatment course. Three patients had positive genomic tests for systemic candidiasis and were treated with fluconazole. Eighteen (64 percent) out of the 28 patients who were free of candiduria on enrolment, developed a urinary candida infection during the 6-month follow-up and all cases were successfully treated with K-712. Seven (38 percent) of these cases presented a further recurrence at a later stage and all responded to a new course of K-172. No positive genomic tests were observed during the follow-up period. These data suggest that a consistent part of patients, mostly with gastrointestinal malignancies develop urinary candida infection when following chemotherapy treatment. A therapeutic approach with a natural antifungal phytocompound seems a safe and effective measure and a tentative prophylactic approach might also be envisaged.

Protective effect of a poly-phytocompound on early stage nephropathy secondary to experimentally-induced diabetes.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe and life-threatening complication of long-standing diabetes. As one of the main causes of end-stage renal disease, the prevention and treatment of DN in early stage, and the slowing down of DN progression are of utmost importance and are topics of several ongoing research studies. Nutraceuticals endowed with antioxidant-anti-inflammatory properties may offer an opportunity of integrative treatment for this condition. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups. One group of rats (diabetic group) received a single tail-vein injection of STZ compound (50 mg/kg) under light anaesthesia. A protective dose of 0.5 ml of 5 percent dextrose was given intraperitoneally 30 min before the administration of STZ. One diabetic group was fed a normal pellet diet (group A) while group B was fed the diet added with DTS (panax pseudoginseng, eucommia ulmoides), (Kyotsu Jigyo, Tokyo, Japan) in the proportion of 50/25 (percent weight/weight), at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day throughout the experimental period. At the end of 8 weeks, 24-hour urine was collected for the measurement of the albumin concentration: blood samples were collected for serum biochemistry and the rats were sacrificed for kidney measurement of oxidative stress and histomorphological features. Nephrin and Macrophage Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) gene expression were also assessed by fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. STZ-treated animals showed significantly increased in lipid peroxidation in the kidney and in proteinuria. DTS supplementation did not affect plasma glucose but significantly decreased malonyldialdehyde (MDA) plasma level and the overall redox parameters together with a partial mitigation of proteinuria. Histological analysis showed also that DTS significantly reduced the glomerular volume together with glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis score (p less than 0.05), the latter two being correlated to proteinuria (p less than 0.05). DTS supplementation also enabled a reduction of diabetes-induced decrease of nephrin mRNA expression and a 67 percent reduction of MCP-1 mRNA up-regulation (p less than 0.01). Taken altogether, these data show that, besides the mandatory control of glycemia, intervention with a nutraceutical with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may have beneficial effects when integrated in the mainstream of the therapeutic regimen.

Effect of an isoflavones-containing red clover preparation and alkaline supplementation on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats.

The aim of this study was to test the combined effect of a quality-controlled red clover extract (RCE) standardized to contain 40% isoflavones by weight (genistein, daidzein, biochanin A, and formononetin present as hydrolyzed aglycones) together with a modified alkaline supplementation on bone metabolic and biomechanical parameters in an experimental model of surgically-induced menopause. Sprague-Dawley female rats were maintained under controlled standard conditions of light and fed with conventional food of standard calcium content and no alfalfa or soybean components. Rats were randomized into four groups: Group A represented normal rats (sham operated) while three other groups were ovariectomized (OVX) and fed for three months as follows: standard food (group B), 6 mg/kg/day food mixed with RCE (Group C), or given 6 mg/kg/day of RCE plus a modified alkaline supplementation (BP) through a nasogastric tube at a dose of 16 mg (group D). The animals were killed 90 days after surgery. As compared to group B, RCE or RCE + BP treatments brought about significantly higher level of estradiol and mitigated the weight loss of the uterus and improved maximum load of the femoral neck. Osteocalcin level showed an over 65% increase in group B but both RCE and RCE + BP treatments prevented such abnormality with a significantly better result in RCE + BP group which virtually normalized such parameter as well as urinary excretion of DPD. Group C and D reduced the over 20% loss of bone mineral density and bone mineral content/body weight ratio observed in untreated post-ovariectomy group. Untreated ovariectomy caused about 48% decrease of cancellous bone mass in the femoral neck while this abnormality was prevented at similar extent by both RCE and RCE + BP treatments. Ovariectomy determined an over 80% increase of bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) level but both RCE and RCE + BP treatments significantly mitigated such variable. The BALP decrease yielded by the combined RCE + BP treatment was statistically lower than RCE alone. Taken together these data show that red clover preparation in dosages amenable to clinical practice do improve OVX-induced osteoporosis while a mild metabolic alkalosis might further synergize some therapeutic aspects.

Inhibition of human breast cancer cell growth and enzymatic activity by a fermented nutraceutical: an in vitro and in vivo study .

Human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (ER-positive) and Hs578T (ER-negative) were cultured and one lot incubated for 48 h with 5-50 mug/ml of a fermented phytocompound (MK: Manda-Koso, Innoshima, Japan). In vitro, it appeared a dose-dependent decrease of cell viability (5-57%) in MK group in both cell lines (P < 0.001, plateau: 30 microg/ml), decreased beta-galactosidase activity, enhanced apoptosis, and inversely increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio (P < 0.01) with an upregulation of p53 (P < 0.05). In the in vivo model, Balb-c mice were inoculated with tumor cells and the treatment group was fed with 20 mg of MK. Tumor weight in MK-fed group was time-course reduced by 22% to 51% at 2 and 4 weeks, respectively (P < 0.05) with increased survival (P < 0.05). Tumour tissue of MK-fed mice showed a downregulated Bcl-2 with increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, reduced PCNA, and activated caspase 3. Although more studies are ongoing to foster the clinical applicability of MK integrated within a rational chemopreventive and therapeutic strategy, a p53-mediated mechanism is likely to play a relevant role, besides its reported antioxidant capacity, NK cell activity enhancement, cancer-cytostatic activity properties.

Effect of modified alkaline supplementation on bone metabolic turnover in rats.

This study aims to determine the effects of a high protein diet and alkaline supplementation on bone metabolic turnover in rats. Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated by bone status, including bone mineral density (BMD) and biomechanical markers from blood and urine. Thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups and treated for 8 weeks as follows: baseline control group (n. 10, C), high-protein supplemented diet group (n. 10, chronic acidosis, CA group) and supplemented chronic acidosis (n.10, SCA). Diet-treated rats were fed an acidic high-protein diet and the supplementation consisted in a modified alkaline formula (Basenpulver, NaMed, Italy). At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed, blood samples were drawn and femur and tibia were removed for analysis of bone mineral density (BMD) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). In the CA group, 24-hour urinary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) excretion were increased 2.1-fold (p<0.05 vs normal diet controls) as well as kidney weight. However, serum Ca and P concentration, as well as urinary Dpd excretion were not significantly changed. Femural and tibial BMD was significantly decreased in the CA group (p<0.05), but alkaline supplementation prevented such phenomenon (p<0.05 vs CA). These results suggest that blood Ca and P concentrations in chronic acidosis condition during the 12-week supplementation might be maintained by hypercalciuria and hyperphosphaturia at the expenses of bone structure. However, modified alkaline supplementation is able to prevent such derangements.

Antimicrobial property of a herbal preparation containing Dalbergia sissoo and Datura tramonium with cow urine against pathogenic bacteria.

In this study, a herbal preparation containing Dalbergia sissoo and Datura stramoium with cow urine (DSDS), was evaluated for its antibacterial potential against pathogenic strains of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Antibacterial activity was compared to standard antibiotic drugs i.e. Chloramphenicol (30 mcg), Ampicillin (10 mcg), Nalidixic acid (10 mcg) and Rifampicin (30 mcg). Cow urine extract was found to be most active against both gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria. Clinical isolate of S. aureus showed higher sensitivity towards cow urine extract of DSDS than standard strains, and inhibited growth on most regulatory levels such as inhibition of protein, DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan synthesis. The results of the present study shows that the cow urine extract of DSDS may be used as a potent antiseptic preparation for prevention and treatment of chronic bacterial infections.

Nutraceutical strategy in aging: targeting heat shock protein and inflammatory profile through understanding interleukin-6 polymorphism.

The aging process is paralleled by two- to fourfold increases in plasma/serum levels of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and acute-phase proteins. In this study we assessed the inflammatory profile and polymorphism of healthy elderly subjects and the influence of a nutraceutical supplement. Forty elderly, generally healthy subjects were recruited, divided into two matched groups, and given either a fermented papaya preparation 9 g/day by mouth or the same amount of placebo. Treatments were carried out in a cross-over manner with a 3-month supplementation period followed by a 6-week washout period between treatments. Ten healthy young subjects served as controls. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoter -174 G/C polymorphism genotype was determined together with blood levels for redox status, proinflammatory cytokines, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and serum 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) concentrations. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6 were higher in elderly subjects (P < 0.05 versus young controls). The concentration of Hsp70 inversely correlated with markers of inflammation in -174 G/C-negative subjects (r = 0.62, P < 0.05). Nutraceutical intervention normalized the inflammatory parameters (P < 0.05) with a rise of Hsp70 (P < 0.05). This suggests that healthy elderly individuals may have a proinflammatory profile playing as a downregulating factor for inducible Hsp70, particularly if -174 G/C-negative. A nutraceutical intervention seems able to beneficially modulate such a phenomenon.

Phytotherapeutic compound YHK exerts an inhibitory effect on early stage of experimentally-induced neoplastic liver lesions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the herbal compound YHK on hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylntrosamine (DEN) in Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups and followed up for 15 weeks. Groups 1 was given standard food and represented the healthy control. Liver preneoplastic foci were induced using the DEN method in groups 2 and 3 (20 rats each). However, group 3 was concomitantly given 50mg/kg/day of YHK. For quantitative assessment of liver preneoplastic foci, the placental form of glutathione-S-transferase (GST-P) positive foci were measured using immunohistochemical staining and image analysis. Treatment using DEN caused a significant decrease in body weight and increase in liver weight compared to the control group while concomitant supplementation with YHK prevented body weight loss and liver weight increase. As compared to DENonly treated rats, the group given YHK showed a significant decrease in the number, size and volume of GSTP- positive foci. Moreover, co-administration of YHK significantly reduced the incidence, number, size and volume of hepatocellular carcinoma. Anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic as well as antioxidative properties of this compound are mechanisms which are likely to be advocated for to explain its protective effect. It is concluded that herbal compound YHK by preventing hepatocarcinogenesis in DEN-induced liver preneoplastic lesions in rats has the potential to a large clinical application as a functional food.

Redox status impairment in liver and kidney of prematurely senescent mice: effectiveness of DTS phytotherapeutic compound.

T-maze test-selected prematurely senescent mice (PSM) were allocated into two groups: (A) those given DTS (150 mg/kg) orally for 30 days and (B) untreated PSM with age-matched fast T-maze performers as control. After sacrifice, the liver and kidney were analyzed for catalase (CAT) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondyaldehyde (MDA), and plasma thiols. Untreated PSM showed decreased plasma thiols and tissue level of CAT, SOD, GPx, with higher MDA (P < 0.01 vs. fast performers), while DTS (Denshichi-Tochiu-Sen) significantly improved glutathione and cysteine (P < 0.05) and tissue concentration of the above parameters (P < 0.05). Such preliminary data suggest that DTS mitigated oxidative damage in PSM, with likely action on the cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix.

A dietary supplement improves outcome in an experimental influenza model in old mice.

Twenty-month-old Swiss mice were allocated into three groups: (A) control; (B) infected group; and (C) infected but treated with 5 mg of the phytocompound MMT. Mice were infected intranasally with 30 microL of 75 HA viral units. MMT markedly blunted the nasal signs of virus infection and the febrile response. Formazan-positive cells, lung and plasma lipoperoxides, and TNF-alpha in lung tissue increased during viral infection, but improvement was seen in the MMT-treated group (P < 0.05). MMT also normalized SOD, catalase activities, and ascorbic acid and determined a significant decrease of lung but not nasal viral titer, although nasal inflammatory infiltrate dropped significantly. MMT has potential clinical applications with and has an excellent safety profile even in old animals.