RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic illnesses like obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases, are worldwide major causes of morbidity and mortality. These pathological conditions involve interactions between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Recent advances in nutriepigenomics are contributing to clarify the role of some nutritional factors, including dietary fatty acids in gene expression regulation. This systematic review assesses currently available information concerning the role of the different fatty acids on epigenetic mechanisms that affect the development of chronic diseases or induce protective effects on metabolic alterations. METHODS: A targeted search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline databases using the keywords "fatty acids and epigenetic". The data were analyzed according to the PRISMA-P guidelines. RESULTS: Consumption fatty acids like n-3 PUFA: EPA and DHA, and MUFA: oleic and palmitoleic acid was associated with an improvement of metabolic alterations. On the other hand, fatty acids that have been associated with the presence or development of obesity, T2D, pro-inflammatory profile, atherosclerosis and IR were n-6 PUFA, saturated fatty acids (stearic and palmitic), and trans fatty acids (elaidic), have been also linked with epigenetic changes. CONCLUSIONS: Fatty acids can regulate gene expression by modifying epigenetic mechanisms and consequently result in positive or negative impacts on metabolic outcomes.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Epigênese Genética , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Obesidade/genética , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Doença Crônica , Metilação de DNA , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/administração & dosagem , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/patologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Graxos trans/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos trans/efeitos adversosRESUMO
We determinated Hg and Se concentrations in liver, kidney, brain, lung and muscle of five bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), four common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and four Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) stranded along the Murcia coast, Southeast Spain, in order to evaluate the risk of Hg toxicity. Hg concentrations showed similar concentrations to other individuals in the Mediterranean Sea with the same length in the same period. We observed a positive correlation of Hg and Se in liver (r = 0.948, p < 0.001) and kidney (r = 0.939; p = 0.001) and ratio the Se/Hg molar was higher than 1 in most cases. Our results suggest that the protective effects of Se against Hg toxicity occur in cetaceans. However, we detected levels of Hg described as responsible liver damage and neurotoxicological effects so other tools, as biochemical markers, should be included. Besides, more studies are needed to evaluate the risk of Hg exposure in dolphins from Murcia coastline.
Assuntos
Golfinhos/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Rim/química , Fígado/química , Mercúrio/análise , Selênio/análise , Animais , Golfinho Nariz-de-Garrafa/metabolismo , Golfinhos Comuns/metabolismo , Mar Mediterrâneo , Especificidade de Órgãos , EspanhaRESUMO
Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), selenium (Se) and arsenic (As) concentrations in internal tissues of 72 striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from Murcia Region (Mediterranean coastline) have been investigated for the first time. Hg showed the highest concentration, followed by Se, Cd, As and Pb. In general, the levels of metal found in this study were similar to those described in similar studies in the Mediterranean Sea. However, in some adult specimens, Hg liver concentrations were related with toxic effects in cetacean. A significant correlation was observed with age, likewise between Se and Hg and Cd in tissues, which agree with detoxify effect attributed to Se through inert complex formation. Molar ratio Hg:Se in liver was close to 1:1 in some specimens, which would indicate overload of the Hg-Se detoxify function and compromised health. These results could contribute to a better knowledge of the distribution of these persistent pollutants in the Mediterranean Sea.
Assuntos
Metais/análise , Stenella , Oligoelementos/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Fatores Etários , Animais , Arsênio/análise , Arsênio/farmacocinética , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Feminino , Fígado/química , Masculino , Mar Mediterrâneo , Metais/farmacocinética , Selênio/análise , Espanha , Distribuição Tecidual , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
We aimed to test exercise-induced adaptations on skeletal muscle when quercetin is supplemented. Four groups of rats were tested: quercetin sedentary, quercetin exercised, placebo sedentary, and placebo exercised. Treadmill exercise training took place 5 days a week for 6 weeks. Quercetin groups were supplemented with quercetin, via gavage, on alternate days throughout the experimental period. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α mRNA levels, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, and citrate synthase (CS) activity were measured on quadriceps muscle. Redox status was also quantified by measuring muscle antioxidant enzymatic activity and oxidative damage product, such as protein carbonyl content (PCC). Quercetin supplementation increased oxidative damage in both exercised and sedentary rats by inducing higher amounts of PCC (P < 0.001). Quercetin supplementation caused higher catalase (P < 0.001) and superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) activity in the non-exercised animals, but not when quercetin is supplemented during exercise. Quercetin supplementation increased SIRT1 expression, but when quercetin is supplemented during exercise, this effect is abolished (P < 0.001). The combination of exercise and quercetin supplementation caused lower (P < 0.05) mtDNA content and CS activity when compared with exercise alone. Quercetin supplementation during exercise provides a disadvantage to exercise-induced muscle adaptations.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Músculo Quadríceps/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Quadríceps/metabolismo , Quercetina/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Catalase/metabolismo , Citrato (si)-Sintase/metabolismo , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Masculino , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo , Carbonilação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Quercetina/administração & dosagem , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this paper was to analyze the effects of training combining plyometrics (PT) and neuromuscular electrostimulation (ES) on speed training and triple jump. The study consisted on the application of an electrostimulation protocol and plyometric jumps to four groups of young athletes (Control, G II, G III and G IV). METHODS: Eighty-four young athletes took part in the study (40 girls and 44 boys). All of them were sprinters (100 and 200 meters dash, and 100 and 110 hurdles meters), their mean age, weight and height being 15.9±1.4 years old, 58.53±8.05 kg, and 1.68±0.07 m, respectively. After 8 weeks of training, a 30-meter sprint launched test -time being measured by photoelectric cells - and a triple jump test from static position were completed. Repeated measures ANCOVA were used. RESULTS: The only group that improved significantly in the speed test (P<0.001) relative to the control group was G IV. In the triple jump test, improvements were significant, (P<0.05) and (P<0.01), in G II and G IV, respectively, relative to the control group. The results of ES + PT combined training offered no significant differences in either speed test and triple jump by gender. CONCLUSION: The most effective training aimed at improving the speed of 30 m is simultaneous combined training. Regarding triple jump, the results showed significant improvements in the performance of athletes who used both simultaneous combined training and used ES followed by plyometrics. However, no significant improvement was observed after PT training prior to ES.