RESUMO
By implementation of sonography regional anesthesia became more relevant in the daily practice of anesthesia and pain therapy. Due to visualized needle guidance ultrasound supports more safety during needle placement. Thereby new truncal blocks got enabled. Next to the blocking of specific nerve structures, plane blocks got established which can also be described as interfascial compartment blocks. The present review illustrates published and established blocks in daily practice concerning indications and the procedural issues. Moreover, the authors explain potential risks, complications and dosing of local anesthetics.
Assuntos
Anestesia por Condução , Anestesia Local , Humanos , Anestesia por Condução/métodos , Anestésicos Locais , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Abdome/diagnóstico por imagem , Abdome/cirurgia , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção/métodosRESUMO
Modified nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) represent powerful building blocks to generate nucleic acids with novel properties by enzymatic synthesis. We have recently demonstrated the access to 2'-SeCH(3)-uridine and 2'-SeCH(3)-cytidine derivatized RNAs for applications in RNA crystallography, using the corresponding nucleoside triphosphates and distinct mutants of T7 RNA polymerase. In the present note, we introduce the chemical synthesis of the novel 2'-methylseleno-2'-deoxyadenosine and -guanosine 5'-triphosphates (2'-SeCH(3)-ATP and 2'-SeCH(3)-GTP) that represent further candidates for the enzymatic RNA synthesis with engineered RNA polymerases.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Nucleotídeos de Desoxiadenina/síntese química , Nucleotídeos de Desoxiguanina/síntese química , Guanosina Trifosfato/análogos & derivados , Selênio/química , Trifosfato de Adenosina/síntese química , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/genética , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos de Desoxiadenina/química , Nucleotídeos de Desoxiguanina/química , Guanosina Trifosfato/síntese química , Mutação , Compostos Organosselênicos , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoAssuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Cinesinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Sulfonas/farmacologia , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Células HeLa , Humanos , Cinesinas/genética , Cinesinas/metabolismo , Mitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Interferência de RNA , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas , Sulfonas/químicaRESUMO
DNA polymerase fidelity is of immense biological importance due to the fundamental requirement for accurate DNA synthesis in both replicative and repair processes. Subtle hydrogen-bonding networks between DNA polymerases and their primer/template substrates are believed to have impact on DNA polymerase selectivity. We show that deleting defined interactions of that kind by rationally designed hydrophobic substitution mutations can result in a more selective enzyme. Furthermore, a single-atom replacement within the DNA substrate through chemical modification, which leads to an altered acceptor potential and steric demand of the DNA substrate, further increased the selectivity of the developed systems. Accordingly, this study about the impact of hydrophobic alterations on DNA polymerase selectivity--enzyme and substrate wise--further highlights the relevance of shape complementary and polar interactions on DNA polymerase selectivity.