Effect of multi-purpose primer on bonding of acrylic resin to cast titanium and gold alloy after airborne-particle abrasion.

PURPOSE: To clarify the effect of a multi-purpose primer combining several functional monomers on two prosthodontic materials (cast titanium and a gold alloy) after airborne-particle abrasion. METHODS: Disk-shaped adherends were prepared from cast titanium (CP Titanium JIS2) and a gold alloy (Casting Gold M.C. Type IV). A silane-containing two-liquid primer (M&C primer (MC)) and two silane-free single-liquid primers (Alloy Primer (AP) and V-Primer (VP)) were used as surface-treatment agents. The shear bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling to evaluate the adhesive durability, and the results were compared using a non-parametric statistical analysis. The effect of airborne-particle abrasion with alumina on the titanium surface was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in bond strength between the MC and AP before and after thermocycling, whereas VP showed significantly lower values. XPS revealed that the titanium acquired hydrophilic properties after the airborne-particle abrasion. CONCLUSIONS: The novelty of this study is that it shows that the presence/absence of the silane had no effect on the bonding of cast titanium with an acrylic resin. The study also showed that the multi-purpose primer can be used without any problems with both cast titanium and gold alloy, in combination with airborne-particle abrasion with alumina.

High-quality Momordica balsamina genome elucidates its potential use in improving stress resilience and therapeutic properties of bitter gourd.

Introduction: Momordica balsamina is the closest wild species that can be crossed with an important fruit vegetable crop, Momordica charantia, has immense medicinal value, and placed under II subclass of primary gene pool of bitter gourd. M. balsamina is tolerant to major biotic and abiotic stresses. Genome characterization of Momordica balsamina as a wild relative of bitter gourd will contribute to the knowledge of the gene pool available for improvement in bitter gourd. There is potential to transfer gene/s related to biotic resistance and medicinal importance from M. balsamina to M. charantia to produce high-quality, better yielding and stress tolerant bitter gourd genotypes. Methods: The present study provides the first and high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of M. balsamina with size 384.90 Mb and N50 30.96 Mb using sequence data from 10x Genomics, Nanopore, and Hi-C platforms. Results: A total of 6,32,098 transposons elements; 2,15,379 simple sequence repeats; 5,67,483 transcription factor binding sites; 3,376 noncoding RNA genes; and 41,652 protein-coding genes were identified, and 4,347 disease resistance, 67 heat stress-related, 05 carotenoid-related, 15 salt stress-related, 229 cucurbitacin-related, 19 terpenes-related, 37 antioxidant activity, and 06 sex determination-related genes were characterized. Conclusion: Genome sequencing of M. balsamina will facilitate interspecific introgression of desirable traits. This information is cataloged in the form of webgenomic resource available at http://webtom.cabgrid.res.in/mbger/. Our finding of comparative genome analysis will be useful to get insights into the patterns and processes associated with genome evolution and to uncover functional regions of cucurbit genomes.

Long-read bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) genome and the genomic architecture of nonclassic domestication.

The genetic architecture of quantitative traits is determined by both Mendelian and polygenic factors, yet classic examples of plant domestication focused on selective sweep of newly mutated Mendelian genes. Here we report the chromosome-level genome assembly and the genomic investigation of a nonclassic domestication example, bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), an important Asian vegetable and medicinal plant of the family Cucurbitaceae. Population resequencing revealed the divergence between wild and South Asian cultivars about 6,000 y ago, followed by the separation of the Southeast Asian cultivars about 800 y ago, with the latter exhibiting more extreme trait divergence from wild progenitors and stronger signs of selection on fruit traits. Unlike some crops where the largest phenotypic changes and traces of selection happened between wild and cultivar groups, in bitter gourd large differences exist between two regional cultivar groups, likely reflecting the distinct consumer preferences in different countries. Despite breeding efforts toward increasing female flower proportion, a gynoecy locus exhibits complex patterns of balanced polymorphism among haplogroups, with potential signs of selective sweep within haplogroups likely reflecting artificial selection and introgression from cultivars back to wild accessions. Our study highlights the importance to investigate such nonclassic example of domestication showing signs of balancing selection and polygenic trait architecture in addition to classic selective sweep in Mendelian factors.

Effect of mechanochemical surface preparation on bonding to zirconia of a tri-n-butylborane initiated resin.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of surface preparation on bond strength of a tri-n-butylborane initiated resin (MMA-TBB) bonded to zirconia. Zirconia disks were either airborne-particle abraded with alumina or silica-coated. The disks were thereafter primed with one of the following materials: phosphate-silane (Clearfil Ceramic Primer), phosphate (Alloy Primer), or silane (ESPE Sil). The specimens were bonded with the MMA-TBB. Shear bond strength was determined both before and after thermocycling. Bond strength of unprimed zirconia (control) was not affected by the surface roughness of each adherend. Priming with phosphate was effective for bonding alumina-blasted zirconia. Priming with silane was effective for bonding silica-coated zirconia. Priming effect of the phosphate-silane was superior to that of silane alone for bonding silica-coated zirconia. Bond strength to zirconia of the MMATBB is significantly influenced by a combination of the specific functional monomer and the surface modification performed rather than the material surface roughness.

Draft genome sequence of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), a vegetable and medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical regions.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is an important vegetable and medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical regions globally. In this study, the draft genome sequence of a monoecious bitter gourd inbred line, OHB3-1, was analyzed. Through Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly, scaffolds of 285.5 Mb in length were generated, corresponding to ∼84% of the estimated genome size of bitter gourd (339 Mb). In this draft genome sequence, 45,859 protein-coding gene loci were identified, and transposable elements accounted for 15.3% of the whole genome. According to synteny mapping and phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes, bitter gourd was more related to watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) than to cucumber (Cucumis sativus) or melon (C. melo). Using RAD-seq analysis, 1507 marker loci were genotyped in an F2 progeny of two bitter gourd lines, resulting in an improved linkage map, comprising 11 linkage groups. By anchoring RAD tag markers, 255 scaffolds were assigned to the linkage map. Comparative analysis of genome sequences and predicted genes determined that putative trypsin-inhibitor and ribosome-inactivating genes were distinctive in the bitter gourd genome. These genes could characterize the bitter gourd as a medicinal plant.

'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', Causal Agent of Citrus Huanglongbing, Is Reduced by Treatment with Brassinosteroids.

Huanglongbing (HLB) constitutes the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide, yet no established efficient management measures exist for it. Brassinosteroids, a family of plant steroidal compounds, are essential for plant growth, development and stress tolerance. As a possible control strategy for HLB, epibrassinolide was applied to as a foliar spray to citrus plants infected with the causal agent of HLB, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. The bacterial titers were reduced after treatment with epibrassinolide under both greenhouse and field conditions but were stronger in the greenhouse. Known defense genes were induced in leaves by epibrassinolide. With the SuperSAGE technology combined with next generation sequencing, induction of genes known to be associated with defense response to bacteria and hormone transduction pathways were identified. The results demonstrate that epibrassinolide may provide a useful tool for the management of HLB.

The influence of polymerization conditions on color stability of three indirect composite materials.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate color change and color stability against aqueous media of three indirect composite materials (Epricord, Estenia, and Twiny) that were polymerized with different systems. Disk-shaped specimens were prepared with their proprietary polymerization systems or with a metal halide light polymerization unit (Twinkle X). The specimens were then immersed in water or tea. Change in color from baseline (24 h) to 4 weeks was determined with a chromameter (ShadeEye NCC) using a white background. The L*, a*, and b* values for both states were determined, and ΔE*(ab) values were calculated. The Estenia specimens immersed in tea had significantly lower ΔL* (-7.0 to -5.6) and significantly higher ΔE*(ab) values (6.5 to 8.6) than did the Epricord and Twiny specimens, under all polymerization conditions. The results indicate that after tea immersion the Estenia material was less stable against color change than were the other two materials. The Twinkle X metal halide unit was suitable for polymerization of the three composite materials, using an exposure period of 60 s or longer.

Bond strength of poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base material to cast titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy.

PURPOSE: The shear bond strength of an auto-polymerizing poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base resin material to cast titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy treated with six conditioning methods was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Disk specimens (10 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in thickness) were cast from pure titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy. The specimens were wet ground to a final surface finish of 600 grit, air dried, and treated with the following bonding systems: 1) air abraded with 50-70-microm-grain alumina (SAN); 2) air abraded with 50-70-microm-grain alumina + conditioned with Alloy Primer (ALP); 3) air abraded with 50-70-microm-grain alumina + conditioned with AZ Primer (AZP); 4) air abraded with 50-70-microm-grain alumina + conditioned with Estenia Opaque Primer (EOP); 5) air abraded with 50-70-microm-grain alumina + conditioned with Metal Link Primer (MLP), and 6) treated with ROCATEC system (ROC). A denture base material (Palapress Vario) was then applied to each metal specimen. Shear bond strengths were determined before and after 10,000 thermocycles. RESULTS: The strengths decreased after thermocycling in all combinations. Among the treatment methods assessed, groups 2 and 4 showed significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced shear bond strengths for both metals. In group 4, the strength in MPa (n = 7) after thermocycling for cobalt-chromium alloy was 38.3, which was statistically (p < 0.05) higher than that for cast titanium (34.7). CONCLUSION: Air abrasion followed by the application of two primers containing a hydrophobic phosphate monomer (MDP) effectively improved the strength of the bond of denture base material to cast titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy.

Effect of acidic primers on adhesive bonding of tri-n-butylborane initiated adhesive resin to alumina.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of acidic primers on adhesive bonding to sintered alumina. Alumina disk specimens were primed with one of the following acidic materials: Acryl Bond, All Bond II Primer B, Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, Eye Sight Opaque Primer, M.L. Primer, MR. Bond, and Super-Bond Liquid. The disks were bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond) initiated with a tri-n-butylborane (TBB) derivative, and bond strengths were determined. Average bond strength before thermocycling varied from 42.9 to 44.3 MPa, whereas post-thermocycling bond strength ranged from 22.0 to 42.8 MPa. Of the nine groups assessed, reduction of bond strength after thermocycling was not significant in three: Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, and Eye Sight Opaque Primer. It can be concluded that phosphate-based primers are recommended for bonding sintered alumina with Super-Bond resin.

Effect of alumina air-abrasion on mechanical bonding between an acrylic resin and casting alloys.

This study examined the effect of alumina air-abrasion with different pressure on bonding between an acrylic resin and casting alloys. Disk specimens (8 and 10 mm in diameter) were cast from a silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au, Castwell M.C.12) alloy and a titanium-aluminum-niobium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb, T-Alloy Tough). The disks were air-abraded with alumina particles (50-70 microm) under different air-pressures (0 unabraded, 0.1, and 0.6 MPa). The disk pairs were bonded together with a tri-n-butylborane (TBB)-initiated acrylic resin, and shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling. Bond strength varied from a maximum of 37.1 MPa to a minimum of 3.6 MPa for the Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy, whereas bond strength to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy ranged from 34.7 MPa to 0.1 MPa. Specimens abraded with 0.6 MPa pressure recorded the greatest post-thermocycling bond strength (21.7 MPa and 17.9 MPa), and unabraded specimens showed the lowest strength (3.6 MPa and 0.1 MPa) for both alloys. Post-thermocycling bond strength to the Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy was higher than that to the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy under identical air-abrading conditions. It can be concluded that alumina air-abrasion with an air-pressure of 0.6 MPa is effective in enhancing retentive characteristics of the TBB-initiated resin joined to the alloys.

A modified layering technique to enhance fluorescence in glass-infiltrated aluminum oxide ceramic restorations: case report.

Fluorescence, opalescence, and translucency are critical for restorative materials to mimic the optical properties and appearance of natural teeth. This case report describes the restoration of multiple anterior teeth with CAD/CAM-fabricated glass-infiltrated aluminum oxide ceramic (In-Ceram Alumina, Vita Zahnfabrik) crowns and illustrates the technical steps to achieve an adequate amount of fluorescence in the ceramic veneering material. CAD/CAM aluminum oxide ceramic copings and frameworks can be predictable and successful when replacing missing tooth structure and imitating optical properties of natural teeth. A modified layering technique enhances fluorescence within the veneering ceramic and provides an esthetic appearance of glass-infiltrated aluminum oxide ceramic restorations.

Effect of single-liquid acidic primers on bonding of a composite luting agent joined to a prefabricated alumina coping material.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of acidic primers on adhesive bonding to prefabricated alumina material designed for fixed restorations. METHODS: High-purity alumina disks (Procera AllCeram) were primed with one of the following materials: Acryl Bond, All Bond II Primer B, Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, M.L. Primer, MR. Bond, and Super- Bond Liquid. The specimens were bonded with a dualpolymerizing luting composite (Variolink II). Unprimed specimen was prepared as the control. Bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling. RESULTS: Average bond strength before thermocycling ranged from 12.0 to 39.1 MPa, whereas average bond strength after thermocycling varied from 0.0 to 26.9 MPa. The statistically highest post-thermocycling bond strength was obtained with the use of the Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, and M.L. Primer agents. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the use of either the Estenia or Alloy Primer material, which contain 10- methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), or the M.L. Primer, which contains 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (6-MHPA), is recommended for bonding the Procera alumina copings with the Variolink II composite.

Fabrication of a maxillary posterior fixed partial denture with a type 4 gold alloy and a dual-polymerizing indirect composite.

The aim of the present study was to design and fabricate a maxillary posterior fixed partial denture (FPD) made of a type 4 gold alloy and an indirect composite. Unlike the conventional framework design of a resin veneered restoration, cut-back was extended approximately 1/4 to 1/3 width in the occlusal table of the buccal cusp. Multiple retentive beads 150-200 mum in diameter were placed on the metal surface to be veneered. The gold alloy was cast in a cristobalite mold using a centrifugal casting machine. The cut surface with the retentive beads was air-abraded with alumina, and a priming agent (Alloy Primer) that contained triazine dithione monomer (VTD) was applied. A tooth-colored veneer was then fabricated with a highly loaded light- and heat-cured composite material (Estenia). This design and procedure can be applied as a standardized laboratory technique for fabrication of maxillary posterior restorations and FPDs.

Effects of alumina air-abrasion and acidic priming agents on bonding between SUS XM27 steel and auto-polymerizing acrylic resin.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of functional monomers contained in the primers, as well as alumina particle abrasion on bonding between stainless steel and acrylic resin. SUS XM27 steel was primed with one of the following materials; Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, M. L. Primer, and Super-Bond Liquid. Steel disks were either ground flat or alumina-blasted, primed with one of the four agents, and bonded with an acrylic resin (Unifast Trad). Bond strength was determined both before and after thermocycling (2,000 or 20,000 cycles). Among the four priming agents, the Alloy Primer and Estenia Opaque Primer, both of which contain 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), exhibited better bonding performance than the others. Alumina air-borne particle abrasion considerably improved the durability of bonding between the steel and the resin material. It can be concluded that alumina blasting followed by priming with an MDP agent is recommended for bonding the resin and SUS XM27 steel.

Effect of single-liquid priming agents on adhesive bonding to aluminum oxide of a methacrylic resin.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of acidic primers on adhesive bonding to sintered aluminum oxide (alumina). Alumina disks were primed with one of the following materials: Acryl Bond, All Bond 2 Primer B, Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, Eye Sight Opaque Primer, M.L. Primer, MR. Bond, and Super-Bond Liquid. Specimens were then bonded with an acrylic resin initiated with partially oxidized tri-n-butylborane (TBBO), and bond strengths were determined. Unprimed specimen was employed as the control. Average bond strength before thermocycling ranged from 20.5 to 41.9 MPa, whereas post-thermocycling bond strength ranged from 0.0 to 40.0 MPa. Of the eight primers, Estenia Opaque Primer and Alloy Primer showed better adhesive performance than the other materials. It could thus be concluded that either Estenia Opaque Primer or Alloy Primer--which contained an adhesive monomer, 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)--was recommended for bonding alumina with TBBO-initiated resin.

Evaluation of 2 thione primers and 3 resin adhesives for silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy bonding.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate 2 thione primers and 3 resin adhesives for enhancement of bonding strength to a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Two different sized disk specimens (10- and 8-mm diameter by 2.5-mm thick) were prepared from a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy (Castwell M.C. 12, GC). The specimens were airborne-particle abraded with 50-microm-grain alumina, conditioned either with a thiouracil primer (Metaltite, Tokuyama Dental) or with a triazine dithione primer (V-Primer, Sun Medical), and then bonded with 1 of 3 acrylic resins: a benzoyl peroxide-amine redox-initiated resin adhesive (Multi-Bond, Tokuyama Dental) or a tri-nbutylborane-initiated resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B and Super-Bond Quick, Sun Medical). For each adhesive, unprimed specimens were prepared as experimental controls. Shear bond strength was determined after thermocycling (100,000 cycles). RESULTS: Use of primers significantly (P < .05) enhanced the bond strength of specimens in all adhesives. Irrespective of the type of primer, the strength of Multi-Bond adhesive was significantly (P < .05) lower than that of Super-Bond C&B and Super-Bond Quick adhesives. The strength of the 2 tri-n-butylborane-initiated adhesives did not differ significantly (P > .05). The mean strength of the Super-Bond C&B adhesive was 40.4 MPa with Metaltite and 37.8 MPa with V-Primer; that of Super-Bond Quick adhesive was 40.9 MPa with Metaltite and 36.5 MPa with V-Primer. CONCLUSION: Use of thione primers effectively enhanced the strength of the bond to the silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy. Furthermore, the combinations of primers and tri-n-butylborane-initiated adhesives were found to be more efficient for bonding.